IV. Comprehension.

Exercise 8. Answer the following questions:

1. What is your speciality?

2. What is standardization?

3. Do you know what diplomas you can obtain after graduating from the University? Name them.

4. What subjects do the students study to become good specialists? Give examples.

5. What is the main purpose of the managing quality control?

6. For whom is quality control essential?

7. How does the University prepare good specialists?

V. Speaking.

Exercise 9. Describe the diplomas received by the students of your speciality.

1. The diploma in “Processing, Standardization and Certification of Light Industry Products”;

2. The diploma in “Quality control, standardization and certification of Light Industry Products”.

Exercise 10. Prove that your speciality is important and necessary. Use the following expressions: “ It is important to say…”; “ It should be noted…”; “ Summing it up…”; etc.

Exercise 11. Make up a plan to the text. Retell the text using your plan.

Exercise 12. Role-play. Imagine that you are a reporter who wants to make an interview with a lecturer from the department of Certification and standardization of natural fibers. Ask him about diplomas and places of work for graduates. Stress the importance of their speciality. Work in pairs.

VI. Reading and comprehension.

Exercise 13. Read the text B. Translate it with the dictionary.

Patents

The term patent usually refers to a right granted to anyone who invents or discovers any new and useful process, machine, article of manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof. The additional qualification utility patent is used in the United States to distinguish it from other types of patents (e.g. design patents) but should not be confused with utility models granted by other countries. Examples of particular species of patents for inventions include biological patents, business method patents, chemical patents and software patents. Some other types of intellectual property rights are referred to as patents in some jurisdictions: industrial design rights are called design patents in some jurisdictions (they protect the visual design of objects that are not purely utilitarian), plant breeders' rights are sometimes called plant patents, and utility models are sometimes called petty patents or innovation patents. Certain grants made by the monarch in pursuance of the royal prerogative were sometimes called letters patent, which was a government notice to the public of a grant of an exclusive right to ownership and possession. These were often grants of a patent-like monopoly and predate the modern origins of the patent system. There are other meanings that reflect the original meaning of letters patent that had a broader scope than current usage: a land patent is evidence of right, title, and/or interest to a tract of land, usually granted by a central, federal, or state government to an individual or private company, and a printing patent or printing privilege, a precursor of modern copyright. It was an exclusive right to print a work or a class of works.

A patent application is a request pending at a patent office for the grant of a patent for the invention described and claimed by that application. An application consists of a description of the invention (the patent specification), together with official forms and correspondence relating to the application. The term patent application is also used to refer to the process of applying for a patent.

The procedure for granting patents, the requirements placed on the patentee, and the extent of the exclusive rights vary widely between countries according to national laws and international agreements. Typically, however, a patent application must include one or more claims defining the invention which must be new, inventive, and useful or industrially applicable. In many countries, certain subject areas are excluded from patents, such as business methods and mental acts. The exclusive right granted to a patentee in most countries is the right to prevent others from making, using, selling, or distributing the patented invention without permission.

Under the World Trade Organization's (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, patents should be available in WTO member states for any inventions, in all fields of technology, and the term of protection available should be the minimum twenty years. Different types of patents may have varying patent terms or durations.