Vocabulary

Part II

vehicle conveyance water-borne essential economic progress to ply laden with track freight profit profitable crude oil refinery personnel navy atomic-powered asset dweller vital traffic jam to conclude to alleviate pedestrian pedestrian mall overhead super power arms (pl.) ammunition

any conveyance for use on land. a carriage or other vehicle. carried by water. necessary. the growth of a country. to go regularly to and fro, of buses, ships etc. weighted with. a path made by frequent use. carriage of goods from place to place. money gained in business. bringing profit. oil in its natural state. a place where mineral oil is refined. staff. a country’s warships. driven by atomic energy. valuable property. a person who lives in a house. necessary for living. an obstruction of smooth flowing traffic due to there being too many cars on the road. to arrive at an opinion. to make easier to bear. a person walking in a street. open space designed for the safe crossing of pedestrians. above the head. a country with great wealth and military strength. weapons. military stores including bullets, bombs etc.

Explanations

Part III

1. Water-borne. This word is formed from the words water and borne (to bear is to carry). The past participle of to bear is borne. Therefore, water-borne transport refers to craft which are carried by water.

2. Economic progress. Economics is the study of the production, distribution and consumption of goods. The word can also refer to the condition of a country with regard to its material prosperity. Economic progress is therefore advancement in this respect.

3. Hence means from here; from now; for this reason.

a month hence – in a month’s time

It rained, hence we were late.

The words henceforth and henceforward mean from this time on.

Exercises

1. Answer the following questions.

1. What is essential for the economic progress of the world?

2. What types of vehicles use roads?

3. What do water-borne transport include?

4. Where do oil tankers transport crude oil?

5. Give two examples of modern warships.

6. Name the traffic problems encountered in cities.

2. Give the meanings of the following words.

1. Dweller. 2. To alleviate. 3. Overhead. 4. To ply.

3. Give the word that fits the description.

1. A path made by frequent use.

2. Money gained in business.

3. Any conveyance for use on land.

4. A person walking in a street.

4. Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms.

Vehicle, essential, track, personell, arms, conveyance, path, weapons, staff, necessary.

5. Make up sentences using these words.

1. Offices, workers, to, often, themselves, factories, and, drive, businessmen, and, their.

2. On, including, types, land, of, vans, used, purpose, vehicles, trucks, and, are, trains, for, the, same, various.

Conversation about transport

Part I

Mr Robin. Hello, Mr Smith, do you have time for a chat?

Mr Smith. Yes, what do you have in mind?

Mr Robin. I am gathering facts for an essay and would like to have your

views.

Mr Smith. What’s the subject?

Mr Robin. It’s about transport.

Mr Smith. That’s an interesting topic. What do you want to know?

Mr Robin. What does the word transport mean to you?

Mr Smith. I would define it as a means by which we carry goods or

people from one place to another.

Mr Robin. How do people usually travel?

Mr Smith. They travel by road, sea or air.

Mr Robin. What vehicles or craft are used?

Mr Smith. They use a bus, ship or aircraft.

Mr Robin. What is the trend in the building of modern conveyances?

Mr Smith. Conveyances are being built for greater capacity and speed.

Mr Robin. Could you give some examples?

Mr Smith. I would like to mention trucks, container ships and aircraft.

Mr Robin. What types of transport do city dwellers use?

Mr Smith. They prefer to travel by bus or car.

Mr Robin. What is their reason for these?

Mr Smith. They are the cheapest and fastest means of travel.

Mr Robin. What type of vehicle is suited to the needs of a businessman?

Mr Smith. The motor car is perhaps the best vehicle for him.

Mr Robin. Why do you think so?

Mr Smith. He could drive it to any destination.

Mr Robin. How are cities coping with increased traffic?

Mr Smith. Some have built special roads for buses, others – pedestrian

malls for people to walk.

Mr Robin. What are common traffic problems?

Mr Smith. Traffic jams occur during peak hours and accidents are on the

increase.

Mr Robin. Thank you for your views.