B. Reporting Questions

When transforming questions, check whether you have to change:

• pronouns

• place and time expressions

• tenses (backshift)

Also note that you have to:

• transform the question into an indirect question

• use the question word (where, when, what, how) or if / whether

Types of questions	Direct speech	Reported speech
With question word (what, why, where, how...)	"Why" don’t you speak English?”	He asked me why I didn’t speak English.
Without question word (yes or no questions)	“Do you speak English?”	He asked me whether / if I spoke English.

C. Reporting requests / commands

When transforming requests and commands, check whether you have to change:

• pronouns

• place and time expressions

Direct speech	Reported speech
“Nancy,do the exercise.“	He told Nancy to do the exercise.
"Nancy, give me your pen, please."	He asked Nancy to give him her pen.

Tenses are not relevant for requests – simply use to  / not to + verb (infinitive without "to")

Example:

She said, “Sit down." - She asked me to sit down.

She said, "don't be lazy" - She asked me not to be lazy

For affirmative use to + infinitive (without to) For negative requests, use not to + infinitive (without to).

D. Other transformations

• Expressions of advice with must, should and ought are usually reported using advise / urge. Example: “You must read this book.“ He advised / urged me to read that book.

• The expression let’s is usually reported using suggest. In this case, there are two possibilities for reported speech: gerund or statement with should. Example: “Let’s go to the cinema.“= 1. He suggested going to the cinema. 2. He suggested that we should go to the cinema.

Main clauses connected with and/but

If two complete main clauses are connected with ‚and or ‚but, put ‚that after the conjunction.

Example: He said,“I saw her but she didn't see me.“ – He said that he had seen her but that she hadn't seen him.“

If the subject is dropped in the second main clause (the conjunction is followed by a verb), do not use ‚that‘.

Example: She said,“I am a nurse and work in a hospital.“ – He said that she was a nurse and worked in a hospital.“

Exercises on the reported speech.

Used to, be used to, get used to

Used to

Used to shows that:

• a particular thing always happened or was true in the past.

• But it no longer happens or is no longer true now:

Examples:

• David used to live in Madrid.

• She used to exercise every morning, but since she had that terrible accident she doesn't exercise anymore.

• Why don't you come and see me like you used to?

Forms of used to

Here are the interrogative, affirmative and negative forms of used to

• Did you use to exercise regularly?

• Yes, I used to go jogging nearly everyday.

• No, I didn't use to exercise on a regular basis.

Used to, be used to, get used to

1.Used to shows that a particular thing always happened or was true in the past (see examples above)

2.Be used to is used to say that something is normal, not unusual.

Examples:

• I'm used to living alone.

• Don't worry, John is used to driving for long hours. He has worked as a professional driver for 20 years.

3.Get used shows that something is in the process of becoming normal.

Examples:

• He doesn't like that small town, but he'll get used to it.

• She found the heels too high, but she got used to them.

• Since the divorce, she has become very sad. But I think she'll get used to her new life.

• I got used to living in Canada in spite of the cold weather.

4. Get used to and be used to are followed by either a noun or a gerund.

Get used to + noun	Get used to + gerund (verb+ing)
I got used to the noise I'm used to the cold weather	I got used to waking up early I'm used to working late at night

Sentence and sentence structure

What is a sentence?

In grammar, a sentence is the basic grammatical unit. It contains a group of words and expresses a complete thought.

A sentence consists of a subject and a predicate. For example in the sentence "Bill writes good poems" Bill is the subject of the sentence and writes good poems is the predicate.

Simple and complex sentences

Simple sentences contain one clause:

• The girl is learning how to drive

Complex sentences contain more than one clause.

• The girl who is learning how to drive is still twelve years old.

• She faced the whole trouble with courage and managed to solve the problem all by herself.

Types of sentences

There are four types of sentences:

1. Declarative sentence Applicants will be answered in due time. (It makes a statement.)

2. Imperative sentence Show me your photo album, please. ( Gives a command or makes a request.) 

3. Interrogative sentence Do you like this photo? (Asks a question.) 

4. Exclamatory sentence What a beautiful dress she is wearing ! (Shows strong feeling)

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