- •English as a Germanic Language, its place among other langs of the word.
- •Common Germanic Vowel Shift. Common Germanic Vowel Fracture.
- •Periods in the History of English.
- •The structure of the word in oe, its previous and subsequent stages.
- •Development of Vowels in oe. (p. 47)
- •Assimilative Process in oe vocalism and their traces in Mod e.
- •The oe vowel system. Phonological process in oe and their traces in me (oe Breaking, Velar Umlaut, I-Umlaut, Palatal Diphthongization).
- •The Origin and Status of short diphthongs in oe.
- •Oe system of vowels.
- •Lengthening of Vowels in oe.
- •Oe vowels. Development of Vowels in Unstressed Syllables in oe.
- •The oe Consonant System.
- •Development of Consonants in oe.
- •The oe Vowel System.
- •Nominal Grammatical Categories in oe and their Historical Development.
- •Grammatical categories of the noun in oe.
- •The Declension of the Noun in oe. Types of stems.
- •The Categories of the oe Adjective and their further development.
- •The Adjective in oe.
- •The Pronoun in oe.
- •Strong, Weak, Preterite-Present and Anomalous Verbs in oe.
- •Verbal Grammatical Categories in oe.
- •Strong Verbs in oe.
- •Weak Verbs in oe.
- •Preterite-Present Verbs in oe and their further development.
- •The Morphological Classification of the oe Verbs.
- •Principal Features of oe Syntax.
- •Oe Vocabulary.
- •The Peculiarities of the Complex Sentence. Structure in oe and its historical development.
- •The Structure of the Simple sentence in oe.
- •Principal Features of oe vocabulary.
- •The Word formation oe.
- •Changes within the Consonant System in me.
- •Me Vowels: Qualitative changes.
- •Reduction of Vowels in Final Unstressed Syllables in me.
- •Me Vowels: Quantitative changes.
- •Changes within the System of Vowels in me. Таблица 71
- •Sources of New me diphthongs.
- •Formation of New Diphthongs in me.
- •Changes within the Noun System in me.
- •Changes within the Adjective System in me.
- •Changes within the Pronoun System in me.
- •Rise of the Article System in me.
- •Changes within the System of Strong and Weak Verb in me.
- •Categories of the Verb in me.
- •Development of Future and Passive in English.
- •Development of Continuous Aspect in English.
- •Development of Perfect Forms in English.
- •Middle English Dialects.
- •The Linguistic Consequences of the Norman Conquest.
- •The Great Vowel Shift.
- •Historical Development of Analytical Forms of the verb in English.
- •Development of vowels in Unstressed Syllables in oe, me, Early New English.
- •Development of Non-Finite Forms of the verb in the English language.
- •Latin Development of Vocabulary in me.
- •The Unstressed Vocalism and its Role in the Morphological Structure of the English language.
The structure of the word in oe, its previous and subsequent stages.
Specific morphological structure of the word: root and ending. In IE – root, stem suffix and ending, Germanic - root and ending, ME - root and ending, Mod Eng - root and ending.
Ex: Lat. Dom-u-s (IE), sun-u (OE).
Development of Vowels in oe. (p. 47)
Comparing OE system of vowels with IE and Protogermanic we can arrive at a conclusion that the system of vowels in OE changed: in IE there were 10 monophthongs, in PG – 8, in OE – 15, there appeared 5 new phonemes (t. 32). If we compare PG diphthongs with OE, it could possible to say that in OE all the diphthongs are new. At least so the 8 diphtongs look at first sight. New phonemes appeared due to different phonetic processes. Some of them were reflected in PG: the Common Germanic Fracture and The Common Germanic Vowel Shift. Other processes: i-Umlaut, splitting, breaking, palatal mutation before x’, diphthongization due to initial palatal consonant, back mutation, contraction (t. 34)
Assimilative Process in oe vocalism and their traces in Mod e.
Assimilative changes are the changes that occurred in the language in specific surroundings – the sound might change when in was preceded or followed by some other sound. In OE:
Breaking (the process of formation of a short diphthong from a simple short vowel when it is followed by a specific consonant cluster)
Palatal mutation (i-umlaut – back sound o or a changes its quality if there is a front sound in the next syllable)
Diphthongization due to initial palatal consonant (after sk’, k’, j)
Back mutation (the syllable that influenced the preceding vowel contained a back vowel o or u)
Mutation before h
Conraction
The oe vowel system. Phonological process in oe and their traces in me (oe Breaking, Velar Umlaut, I-Umlaut, Palatal Diphthongization).
Comparing OE system of vowels with IE and Protogermanic we can arrive at a conclusion that the system of vowels in OE changed: in IE there were 10 monophthongs, in PG – 8, in OE – 15, there appeared 5 new phonemes (t. 32). If we compare PG diphthongs with OE, it could possible to say that in OE all the diphthongs are new. At least so the 8 diphtongs look at first sight. New phonemes appeared due to different phonetic processes. Some of them were reflected in PG: the Common Germanic Fracture and The Common Germanic Vowel Shift. Other processes: i-Umlaut, splitting, breaking, palatal mutation before x’, diphthongization due to initial palatal consonant, back mutation, contraction.
Breaking (the process of formation of a short diphthong from a simple short vowel when it is followed by a specific consonant cluster: hard>heard, arm>earm, half>healf, erl>eorl)
Palatal mutation (i-umlaut – back sound o or a changes its quality if there is a front sound in the next syllable: sandian>sendan; ofstian>efstan)
Back mutation (the syllable that influenced the preceding vowel contained a back vowel o or u: hira>hiora, herot>heorot) = velar mutation
Diphthongization due to initial palatal consonant (in OE after palatal consonants sk’, k’, j: skal>sceal
The Origin and Status of short diphthongs in oe.
Short diphthongs is a result of Fracture (Breaking) or diphthongization of short vowels before certain consonants. The essence or fracture is that the front vowel is partially assimilated to the following hard consonant by forming a glide, which combines with the vowel to form a diphthongs.