Історичний розвиток аналітичних форм дієслова в англійській мові.

The rise of analytical forms in verbal system in NE.

ModE – Continuous and Do-forms; In ModE these forms reappeared together with a synonymous form: be + Participle 1 = be + on/in + Gerund (indicated a process of limited duration)

e.g.: He was on huntinge – He was hunting (literally, He was on hunting).

• 18^th c. – Continuous forms became well-established.

• 19^th c. – Continuous forms in the Passive were accepted as a norm (e.g. The house is being built – previously such forms were considered clumsy and non-grammatical).

Do-Forms

• In ModE “do-periphrasis” was used in the Past and Present of the Indicative Mood.

• 16^th c. – “Do” was used in negative, affirmative and interrogative sentences and was freely interchangeable with the simple forms (without “do”), e.g.:

Heard you all this? = Did you hear all this?

I know not why he cries. = I don’t know why he cries.

He knew it. = He did know it (without any meaning of emphasis).

• 17^th c. – “do” was left only in negative and interrogative sentences to keep the word-order S + P + O (e.g. I (S) pity (P) him (O). Do you (S) pity (P) him (O)?). In affirmative sentences “do” acquired an emphatic meaning (e.g. Did you really see him? – I did see him, I swear!).

…. and (Analytical forms) had the following characteristics:

They consisted of 2 elements:

• a verb of broad semantics and high frequency (an auxiliary);

• a non-finite form (Infinitive, Participle 1, 2).

Future tense

The OE verbs had 2 tenses: the Present and the Past. The present form was used to denote both tenses present and future (..to denote Pr and Future actions as in other Germanic languages). There were no analytical forms, only inflexion. Futurity was shown lexically with the help of adverbial modifiers and the context. It is true that in OE there were combinations with the verbs: sculan (shall), willan (will), but they had their own lexical meaning. They were not auxiliary verbs. From these constructions the future forms ) were formed later. In ME the auxiliaries shal and wil. which were usually deprived of their originalmodal meanings were used by Chaucer in many cases. However. ocasionally this future meaning may be accompanied by some modal slant. The verb will still implies willingness to perform the action. In ModE these verbs are used mostly as auxiliaries

Passive Voice

The phrases wesan/beon + Participle2 and weorђan + P2 were used to identify that the subject had a feature or acquired a feature as a result of an action performed on it. However, it is more than likely that in actual OE usage both these phrases had become a means of expressing a passive action. the differences between them (to be, to become) would thus tend to disappear.

The passive voice was very widely developed in ME. As the verb weorђan disappeared lately the only auxiliary for the passive was the verb wesan/beon (ben). the phrase "ben+P2" could express both a state and an action. Only the context will show which of the two was meant.

Perfect form

The formations of the pattern "habban+P2" originally meant that the subject owned a thing having a certain feature as a result of an action performed upon it. Then they acquired the meaning of an action. The Participle 2 agrees with the object in gender, number and case (sometimes the participle doesn't agree with the substantive which is the direct object).

Perfect forms were widely used in ME. In Chaucer's works there are many sentences with Present and Past Perfect. The meaning of these forms seems to be antecedence. we may therefore suppose that they express a verbal category which Prof. A.Smirnitsky proposed to call "category of temporal relation". Perfect forms ofin transitive verbs were often derived by means of the verb to be(n)

The Continuous

In ME appeared first instances of a continuous aspect, consisting of the verb be(n)+Participle 1. They were very rare (in Chaucer's works only six examples have been found). The origin of these formation has not yet been quite cleared up. there are two possible sources: 1) OE phrases consisting of the verb" beon" and a firstparticiple in -ende, 2) Oe phrases consistiong of the verb "beon" the preposition" on" and a verbal substantive in -ing (he is on huntinge - he is in hunting). The original phrase "is on huntinge" could have become is" a-hunting", the preposition "on" being weakened and turned into a prefix, and then, the prefix being dropped and the verbal substantive becoming a participle, "Is huntinge".

This development was obviously connected with the disappearane of the OE participle in "-ende" and its substitution be a new participle in "-inge", which could have arisen in such phrases. We may also suppose that ME continuous forms resulted from merger of OE "-ende"-phrases and OE "-ing"-phrases.

Perfect continuous forms are quite rare in ME.

Use of continuous forms was still rather limited in the 17th and 18th centuries. In the 19th century they are used more widely, but they were considered a feature of colloquial style and were not admitted in to poetry (William Wordsworth was the first to use continuous forms in poetry)