4. Поняття функціонального стилю. Класифікація функціональних стилів в англійській мові.

The word ‘stylistics’ is derived from ‘style’ which originates from the Latin ‘stylus/stilus’ – a slender pointed writing instrument (a small stick with a pointed end) used by the ancient Greeks and Romans as they scratched letters on wax-covered plates (or wax tablets).

Style is a distinctive way of using language for some purpose and to some effect (P. Verdonk)

Individual style – a writer’s individual manner of using language means to achieve the effect he desires. Can be recognized by peculiar combination of language means and SD.

"Style is a selection of non-distinctive features of language." (L. Bloom-field)"

Functional stylistics

Special mention, should bе made of functional stylistics which is а branch of lingua-stylistics that investigates functional styles, that is specia1 sublanguаgеs or varieties оf of the national language such as scientific, colloquial, business, publicist and so on.

The notion of functional style is interpreted in stylistics differently. There are 2 main approaches to its definition, both originating from Ac. V.V.Vinogradov’s conception. According to the first approach, style is defined on the criterion of function as a socially accepted, functionally conditioned and internally organized system of the ways of usage, choice and combination of communicative verbal means which correlate with other similar systems serving other aims and fulfilling other functions in speech practice of a nation. According to the second approach, style is defined with regard to its components. It is regarded as a system of language means united by the similarity of their function or by sphere of usage.

Quite different interpretation of FS was suggested by Prof. Morokhovsky O. M. and his followers who regarded FS as the property of stylistics of speech activity. The speech functional style is defined as a socially accepted stereotype of speech behaviour conditioned by social situation of communication (formal or informal), social roles of communicants (equal or unequal; a parent and a child, a teacher and a student, a scientist, a journalist and the audience) and their pragmatic aims.

ADDITIONAL

The functional style classification on the basis of the sphere of language use

There was an attempt to classify functional styles in accordance with all possible spheres of their usage – social and speech situations of human communication. As the number of such situations is extremely large, they were generalized and typified. So firstly, two historically formed spheres of communication were singled out: oral and written and correspondingly colloquial and bookish speeches were distinguished. Then the styles of oral and written communication were classified further (written – into scientific and belles-lettres styles; colloquial – into literary-conversational and familiar-colloquial).

The functional style classification on the basis of three differential features

• Emotionality/ non-emotionality -> belle-letters and Publicistic styles/ official, scientific styles

• Spontaneity/ non-spontaneity -> styles of oral/ written types of speech

• Norm adherence/ lack of norm adherence -> literary colloquial/ conversational

• and combinations of the enumerated features

The functional style classification on the basis of the language function

1. The Belles - Lettres Functional Style: a) poetry; b) emotive prose; c) drama;

2. Publicistic Functional Style: a) oratory; b) essays; c) articles in newspapers and magazines;

3. The Newspaper Functional Style: a) brief news items; b) advertisments and announcements; c) headlines;

4. The Scientific Prose Style: a) exact sciences; b) humanitarian sciences; c) popular- science prose;

5. The Official Documents Functional Style: a) diplomatic documents; b) business letters; c) military documents; d) legal documents;

* * *

Generally, the following functional styles can be distinguished: official style, scientific style, publicistic style, literary conversational style, colloquial style.

• Functional styles are represented by different types of utterances and texts. These are different classes of texts within a FS which differ in their semantic and topical characteristics. Thus the texts of publicistic style may be subdivided into texts on politics, economics, moral, art, religion, health, etc.

• Each type of the texts is realized in a certain genre of the text. These are types of the text subdivided according to their compositional and stylistic peculiarities. The military texts for instance are divided into orders, reports, instructions and regulations.

• Each of the enumerated styles is exercised in two forms — written and oral: an article and a lecture are examples of the two forms of the scientific style, an essay and a public speech — of the publicistic style, etc.

ADDITIONAL

(как было сказано, это немного too much, но! если кому-то Интересненнько – you are welcome!) ах да, там еще небольшой surprise …

General characterization and distinguishing phonetic, morphological and lexical features of Literary Colloquial Style, Familiar Colloquial Style, Publicist style, The Style of Official Documents and Scientific Style

Phonetic

1. Literary Colloquial Style: a) standard pronunciation in compliance with the national norm, enunciation, b) phonetic compression of frequently used forms (it’s, don’t), c) omission of unaccented elements due to the quick tempo.

2. Familiar Colloquial Style: a) casual and often pronunciation, use of deviant forms (gonna instead of going to), b) use of reduced and contracted forms (you’re, they’ve), c) omission of unaccented elements due to the quick tempo, d) emphasis on intonation as a powerful semantic and stylistic instrument capable to render subtle nuance of thought and feeling, e) use of onomatopoeic words (hush, yum, yak).

3. Publicist style: a) standard pronunciation, wide use of prosody as a means of conveying the subtle shades of meaning, overtones, emotions, b) phonetic compression.

4. Style of Official Documents

5. Scientific Style

Morphological

1. Literary Colloquial Style: use of regular morphological features, with interception of evaluative suffixes (deary, doggie).

2. Familiar Colloquial Style: a) use of evaluative suffixes, nonce words formed on morphological and phonetic analogy with other nominal words (baldish, hanky-panky, helter-skelter), b) extensive use of collocations and phrasal verbs instead of neutral and literary equivalents (to turn in instead of to go to bed).

3. Publicist style: a) frequent use of non-finite verb forms, such as gerund, participle, infinitive, b) use of non-perfect verb forms, c) omission of articles, link verbs, auxiliaries, pronouns, especially in headlines and news items.

4. Style of Official Documents: adherence to the norm, sometimes outdated or even archaic (legal documents).

5. Scientific Style: a) terminological word building and word-derivation: neologism formation by affixation and conversion, b) restricted use of finite verb forms, c) use of “the author’s we” instead of I, d) frequent use of impersonal constructions.

Lexical:

Literary Colloquial Style:

1. Wide range of vocabulary strata in accordance with the register of communication and participants’ roles: formal and informal, neutral and bookish, terms and foreign words. 2. stylistically neutral vocabulary.3. use of socially accepted contracted forms and abbreviations (TV, fridge, CD) 4. use of etiquette language and conversational formulas (nice to see you) 5. extensive use of intensifiers and gap-fillers (absolutely, definitely) 6. use of interjections and exclamations (dear me, well, oh) 7. extensive use of phrasal verbs 8. use of words of indefinite meaning like stuff, thing 9. avoidance of slang, vulgarisms, dialect words, jargon 10. use of phraseological expressions, idioms and figures of speech.

Familiar Colloquial Style

1. combination of neutral, familiar and low colloquial vocabulary, including slang, vulgar and taboo words. 2. extensive use of words of general meaning, specified in meaning by situation (guy, job). 3. abundance of specific colloquial interjections (boy, wow). 4. use of hyperbola, epithets, evaluative vocabulary, dead metaphors and simile. 5. tautological substitution of personal pronounces and names by other nouns (you-baby. Johnny-boy). 6. mixture of curse words and euphemisms (damn, dash, shoot).

Publicist style

newspaper clichés and phrases. 2. terminological variety (scientific, sports, political etc.).3. abbreviations and acronyms. 4. numerous proper names, toponyms, names of enterprises, institutions.5. abstract notion words, elevated and bookish words. 6..in headlines (frequent use of pun violated phraseology, vivid stylistic devices). 7. in oratory speech (elevated and bookish words, colloquial words and phrases, frequent use of metaphor, alliteration, allusion, irony etc.) .8. use of conventional forms of address and trite phrases.

Style of Official Documents

1. prevalence of stylistically neutral and bookish words. 2. use of terminology. 3. use of proper names and titles. 4. abstraction of persons (use of party instead of the name). 5.officialese vocabulary (clichés, opening and conclusive phrases). 6. conventional and archaic words. 7. foreign words, especially Lain and French. 8. abbreviations, contractions, conventional symbols (M.P.). 9. use of words in their primary meaning. 10. absence of tropes. 11.seldom use of substitute words (it, on, that).

Scientific Style

1. extensive use of bookish words (presume, infer). 2. abundance of scientific terminology and phraseology. 3. use of numerous neologisms. 4. abundance of proper names. 5. restricted use of emotive coloring, interjections, expressive phraseology, phrasal verbs, colloquial vocabulary. 6. seldom use of tropes, such as metaphor, hyperbole, simile etc.

Syntactical

1. Literary Colloquial Style: a) use of simple sentences with a number of participial and infinitive constructions and numerous parentheses, b) use of various types of syntactical compression, simplicity of syntactical connection, c) prevalence of active and finite verb forms, d) use of grammar forms for emphatic purposes (progressive verb forms to express emotions of irritation, anger), e) decomposition and ellipsis of sentence in a dialogue, f) use of special colloquial phrases (that friend of yours).

2. Familiar Colloquial Style: a) use of short simple sentences, b) dialogues are usually of the question-answer type, c) use of echo-questions, parallel constructions, repetitions, d) coordination is used more often than subordination, e) extensive use of ellipsis, f) extensive use of tautology, g) abundance of gap-fillers and parenthetical elements (sure indeed, well).

3. Publicist style: a) frequent use of rhetorical questions and interrogatives in oratory speech, b) in headlines (use of impersonal sentences, elliptical constructions, interrogative sentences), c) in news items and articles (news items comprise one or two, rarely three, sentences), d) absence of complex coordination with chain of subordinate clauses and a number of conjunctions, e) prepositional phrases are used much ore than synonymous gerundial phrases, f) absence of exclamatory sentences, break-in-the narrative

4. Style of Official Documents: a) use of long sentences with several types of coordination and subordination, b) use of passive and participial constructions, numerous connectives, c) use of objects, attributes and all sorts of modifiers, d) extensive use of detached constructions and parenthesis, e) use of participle I and II, f) a general syntactical mode of combining several pronouncements into one sentence.

5. Scientific Style: a) complete and standard syntactical mode of expression, b) direct word order, c) use of lengthy sentences with subordinate clauses, d) extensive use of participial, gerundial and infinitive complexes, e) extensive use of adverbial and prepositional phrases, f) frequent use of parenthesis introduced by a dash, g) abundance of attributive groups with a descriptive function, h) avoidances of ellipsis, i) frequent use of passive and non-finite verb forms, j) use of impersonal forms and sentences such as mention should be, assuming that.

Compositional

1. Literary Colloquial Style: a) can be used in written and spoken varieties (dialogue, monologue, personal letters, essays, articles), b) prepared types of texts may have thought out and logical composition, to a certain extent determined by conventional forms, c) spontaneous types have a loose structure, relative coherence and uniformity of form and content.

2. Familiar Colloquial Style: a) use of deviant language on all levels, b) strong emotional coloring, c) loose syntactical organization of an utterance, d)frequently little coherence or adherence to the topic, e) no special compositional patterns.

3. Publicist style: a)carefully selected vocabulary, b) variety of topics, c) wide use of quotations, direct speech and represented speech, d) use of parallel constructions, e) in oratory (simplicity of structural expression), f) in headlines (use of devices to arrest attention: pun, puzzle etc), g) in news items (strict arrangement of titles and subtitles), h) careful division on paragraph.

4. Style of Official Documents: a) special compositional design (coded graphical layout, clear-cut subdivision of texts into units of formation), b) conventional composition of treaties, agreements, protocols, c) use of stereotyped, official phraseology, d) accurate use of punctuation, e) generally objective, concrete, unemotional and impersonal style of narration

5. Scientific Style: a) highly formalized text with the prevalence of formulae, tables etc, b) in humanitarian texts: descriptive narration, supplied with argumentation and interpretation, c) logical and consistent narration, sequential presentation of material and facts, d) extensive use of citations, e) extensive use of EM and SD, f) extensive use of conventional set phrases at certain points to emphasize the logical character of the narration, g) use of digressions to debate or support a certain point, h) introduction, chapters, paragraph, conclusion, i) extensive use of double conjunctions like as…as, either…or, both…and, etc, j)compositionally arranged sentence patterns: postulatory (at the beginning), argumentative (in the central part), formulative (in the conclusion)