2. Словотворення в англійській мові. Основні та другорядні типи словотворення.

Word-formation (word-building) is the creation of new words from the material available in the language on certain formulas and patterns. There are two types of word-formation in ModE: word-derivation and word-composition.

Functions of word-formation: nominative function; communicative function.

Productivity is the ability to form new words after existing patterns which are readily understood by speakers of a language.

Productive means	Non-productive means
affixation word-composition conversion shortening	back-formation onomatopoeia sound and stress interchange sentence condensation

Primary and secondary types of word formation

Primary type of word-formation include: affixation and compounding

Affixation (progressive derivation) is the formation of words by adding derivational affixes to stems. Affixation is divided into suffixation and prefixation.

Prefixation is the formation of words with the help of prefixes; does not change part of speech; is more typical of verb-formation (42%), e.g. a pretest, to coexist, to undo, impossible, asleep, to rewrite etc.

Suffixation is the formation of words with the help of suffixes; can change part of speech; is characteristic of noun-, adjective- and adverb-formation, e.g. an employee, childish, quietly, to specify etc.

Word-composition (compounding) is the formation of words by morphologically joining two or more stems.

A compound word is a word consisting of at least two stems which usually occur in the language as free forms, e.g. university teaching award committee member.

Secondary type of word-formation include: conversion, shortening, blending.

Shortening is the process of subtracting phonemes and / or morphemes from words and word-groups without changing their lexico-grammatical meaning.

Types of Shortening

Abbreviation is a process of shortening the result of which is a word made up of the initial letters or syllables of the components of a word-group or a compound word.

Graphical abbreviation is the result of shortening of a word or a word-group only in written speech (for the economy of space and effort in writing), while orally the corresponding full form is used: Sun., Tue., Feb., Oct., Dec.; Mr., Mrs., Dr.; p.a., i.e., ibid., a.m., cp., viz.

Lexical abbreviation is the result of shortening of a word or a word-group both in written and oral speech.

1. alphabetical abbreviation (initialism) is a shortening which is read as a succession of the alphabetical readings of the constituent letters, e.g. BBC, MTV, EU, MP etc.;

2. acronymic abbreviation (acronym) is a shortening which is read as a succession of the sounds denoted by the constituent letters, i.e. as if they were an ordinary word, e.g., NATO, UNICEF etc.;

3. anacronym is an acronym which is longer perceived by speakers as a shortening: very few people remember what each letter stands for, e.g. laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation), radar (radio detecting and ranging), scuba (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus), yuppie (young urban professional).

4. homoacronym is an acronym which coincides with an English word semantically connected with the thing, person or phenomenon, e.g. PAWS (Public for Animal Welfare Society), NOW (National Organisation for Women), ASH (Action on Smoking and Health) etc.

Clipping is the creation of new words by shortening a word of two or more syllables (usually nouns and adjectives) without changing its class membership.

There are several types of clipping:

- words shortened at the end “apocope”(ad,lab,mike);

- shortened at the beginning “aphaeresis”(car,phone,copter);

- in which some syllables or sounds have been omitted in the middle “syncope”( maths,pants,specs);

- clipped both at the beginning and at the end (flu=influenza, tec=detective, fridge)

Blending (telescoping) is the process of merging parts of words into one new word, e.g. Bollywood < Bombay + Hollywood, antiégé < anti + protégé, brunch < breakfast + lunch, Mathlete < Mathematics+ athlete.

Conversion is a type of modern English word-building when a word from one part of speech is transformed into another part of speech (e.g. to hand – a hand).Conversion may be the result of shading of English endings. This shedding has made it possible to use a great many words in functions of different part of speech without any change of the form.

Onomatopoeia (sound – imitation) is the naming of a thing by a more or less exact reproduction of a natural sound associated with it e.g. babble, twitter.

Sound interchange (gradation). Words belonging to different parts of speech may be differentiated due to the sound interchange in the root. Derivation often involves phonological changes of vowel or consonant, e.g. strong – strength, heal – health, deep – depth).

Stress interchange (distinctive stress, the shift of stress). The essence of it is that to form a new word the stress of the word is shifted to a new syllable. It mostly occurs in nouns and verbs, e.g. export – to export, increase – to increase, object – to object).

Sentence – condensation is the formation of new words by substantivizing the whole locutions (forget – me – not, merry – go – round).