5. Syntactic stylistic devices based on the extension of sentence model (repetition, polysyndeton).

Repetition is recurrence of the same word, word combination, phrase for two or more times in close succession. According to the place which the repeated word occupies in the sentence or text, repetition is classified into several groups.Ordinary repetition - the repeated element has no definite place in the utterance.

Successive repetition is a string of closely following each other reiterated units.

Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall,

Humpty Dumpty had a great fall;

All the King's horses and all the King's men

Couldn't put Humpty together again

Polysyndeton is stylistically motivated deliberate repetition of conjunctions or prepositions. it is the most frequent way to secure melody and rhyme in poetry or to impart rhythm, emotional tension and solemnity to emotive prose. Thus polysyndeton is one of the efficient means of logical and communicative allocation of the most important information.

1) We have ships and men and money and stores.

2) He ran and jumped and laughed for joy.

3) We lived and laughed and loved and left.

4) They read and studied and wrote and drilled. I laughed and played and talked and flunked.

6. Syntactic stylistic devices: parallelism, chiasmus, inversion. Rhetoric question.

Parallelism is a stylistic device of producing two or more syntactic structures according to the same syntactic pattern:

Mary cooked dinner, John watched TV, Pete played tennis.In parallelism either the whole sentence or its part can be built according to the similar structural pattern:

Married men have wives and don’t seem to want them. Single fellows have no wives and do itch to obtain them.

Syntactic parallelism is widely spread in poetry and emotive prose. It creates special rhythmical contour of the text, reinforces the semantic ties between the utterances, increases the communicative, expressive and aesthetic value of the successive utterances.

1) Ferocious dragons breathing fire and wicked sorcerers casting their spells do their harm by night in the forest of Darkness.

2) Tom and Patrick will probably arrive in less than an hour and in time for the meeting.

3) Like father, like son.

____________ _________________ _______________

Chiasmus belongs to the group of stylistic devices based on the similarity of a syntactical pattern in two successive sentences or coordinate parts of a sentence, but it has a cross order of words and phrases. It is sometimes used to break the monotony of parallel constructions.

1) “Never let a Fool Kiss You or a Kiss Fool You.”

2) He knowingly led and we followed blindly

3) Swift as an arrow flying, fleeing like a hare afraid

___________ _____________- _________________

Inversion is the syntactic phenomenon of intentional changing word-order of the initial sentence model.

Classification. There are two basically different types of inversion: grammatical and stylistic. Grammatical inversion is devoid of stylistic information. It is just a technical means of forming different types of questions.

Stylistic inversion is such a change of word-order which gives logical stress or emotional colouring to the language units placed in an unusual syntactic position.

1) Away ran the witch and the monster.

2) Never before have I seen such beauty.

3) What a beautiful picture it is!

4) Where in the world were you!

5) How wonderful the weather is today!

RHETORIC QUESTION

rhetoric questions are not questions but affirmative or negative statements put into the interrogative shape. A rhetoric question needs no answer, because the answer to it is quite obvious:

Why should I do it? means / shouldn't do it. Why doesn't he shut up? means He must shut up

Життя цілого не досить, а що є в людині, окрім життя?

7. Grafical and phonetic stylistic devices.Onomatopoeia is a combination of speech sounds which aims at imitating sounds produced in nature. Direct O. is contained in words that imitate natural sounds: ding-dong, buzz, bang. Indirect onomatopoeia is a combination of sounds the aim of which is to make the sound of the utterance an echo of its sense.

Alliteration aims at imparting a melodic effect to the utterance; does not bear any lexical or other meaning unless we agree that a sound meaning exists as such. It is frequently used in newspaper headlines, in the titles of books, in proverbs and sayings, as, for example, in the following: Tit for tat; blind as a bat, betwixt and between; to rob Peter to pay Paul; or in the titles of books.

Rhyme is the repetition of identical or similar terminal sounds or combinations of words. Rhyming words are generally placed at a regular distance from each other.

We distinguish between full rhymes and incomplete rhymes. The full rhyme presupposes identity of the vowel sound and the following consonant sounds in a stressed syllable, as in might, right; needless, heedless.

Rhythm intensifies the emotions, it also specifies emotions.

Graphon is intentional violation of graphical shape of a word. The main function of graphon is to supply information about the speaker’s origin, social and educational background etc. Gr., individualizing the character's speech, adds to his plausibility, vividness, memorability. Gr. is popular in advertisements: Sooper Class Model – ad of car. Наша вата – нова М’Якість.