1. Tropes: metaphor, metonymy, antonomasia

Metaphor is the transference of the name of one object to another object based on the similarity of the objects. 1. According to the pragmatic effect produced upon the addressee metaphors are subdivided into: Dead metaphors are fixed in dictionaries.: to burn with desire; seeds of evil; хмара запитань; потік емоцій/сліз;перемивати кісточки; Original metaphors are not registered in dictionaries. They are created in speech by speakers' imagination. The wind was a torrent of darkness among the gusty trees. Де котиться між голубих лугів Хмарина ніжна з білими плечима.

2. According to degree of stylistic potential metaphor are classified into:

Nominational – do not render any stylistic information, they are intended to name new objects. (The foot of the bill – ніжка столу)

Cognitive – when an object obtains a quality of another object. (The shore was drowning in the fog – його переслідувало почуття ніби за ним стежать)

Imaginative – are occasional and individual, they bear picturesque and poetic images. (Her eyes were pools of still water – чорне озеро ярмарку вливається в каплицю)

guinea pig – піддослідний кролик; Заєць – безбілетний пасажир// shark – шахрай; акули бізнесу, акули пера

cuckoo – божевільний; зозуля – мати, що покидає дітей// chicken – hearted – боязливий; заяче серце

2// Metonymy is transference of the name of one object into another object, based on the principle of contiguity of the two objects. Metonymy used in speech or in literary texts is genuine metonymy and reveals a quite unexpected substitution of one word for another, or one concept for another, on the ground of some strong impression produced by a chance feature of the thing.

The hall applauded. Зібралася вся школа// The marble spoke. Золото у вухах, кришталь на столі.

Antonomasia (or renaming – перейменування) is a lexical stylistic device that lies in the interplay between the logical and nominal meanings of a word. In other words antonomasia is a kind of metaphor in which the nominal meaning of a proper noun is suppressed by its logical meaning. Antonomasia is the usage of well-known names of literary, folk, mythological personages or famous personalities to characterize different people. For example a loving couple can be named Romeo and Juliet, a jealous husband – Othello, an ambitious person – Napoleon, as in Sam is the Napoleon of crime.

2.Tropes: epithet, oxymoron, antithesis

Epithet is a figurative, expressive attribute that emphasizes the most prominent, leading feature of a thing or phenomenon.

Affective (emotional) epithet serves to convey the emotional evaluation of the object by speaker: magnificent, atrocious, шалений, страшенний

Associated (fixed) epithets point out typical features of the objects which they describe. Such typical features are implied by the meaning of the nouns themselves: deep silence, гіркі сльози, true love, merry Christmas, dead silence, a trembling maiden, fairy lady, буйний вітер, вірная дружинонька.

Unassociated (Figurative or transferred) epithets ascribe such qualities to objects which are not inherent in them. As a result of this, metaphors emerge fresh, unexpected, original and expressive: voiceless sands, гіркий сон, сивий біль.

Oxymoron is a combination of words which are symantically different. As a result, the object under description obtains characteristics contrary to its nature: hot snow, loving hate, horribly beautiful, nice blackguard. Взимку сонце крізь плач сміється. The main structural pattern of oxymoron is "adjective + noun" (hot snow). Awfully pretty, Wake up dead, Awfully lucky, Short wait, Tiny elephant, Light darkness, Original copy, Alone together, Deafening silence, Clearly confused.

Antithesis. This figure of contrast stands close to oxymoron. The major difference between them is structural: oxymoron is realized through a single word-combination, while antithesis is a confrontation of at least two separate phrases semantically opposite: 1) Man proposes, God disposes. 2) Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real thing. 3) Speech is silver, but Silence is Gold. 4) Patience is bitter, but it has a sweet fruit. 5) Money is the root of all evils: poverty is the fruit of all goodness.