5. Contrastive analysis of Eng.&Ukrainian verb. Aspect & Voice.

The category of aspect:

In Ukr: 1) perfective aspect (доконаного виду): point out towards certain limits in revealing the denoted action or state, or some limit of the time. (взяти, написати); 2) imperfective aspect: express the unfinished character of any action, its durability (брати, рахувати).

In Eng: 1) common aspect (загальний вид): expressed by indefinite verb forms; 2) continuous aspect (тривалий): expressed by continuous verb forms.

Besides, the category of aspect in both languages has a number of smaller aspect subgroups.

Ukr: imperfective aspect has a subtype of repetitive use (визбирувати); perfective aspect: 1) action beginning (зашуміти); 2) duration of the completed action (поспав, посидів); 3) achieving the result of the action (вивчити, виконати); 4) the sudden character of the action (стукнути); 5) unexpected character or sharpness of the completed action (рубанути); 6) the repetitive character of the limited in time actions (попереписувати).

Eng: 1) repetition in usage expressed by auxiliary verb (will, would, used to); 2) one-time short action (to have a smoke); 3) the action beginning (to grow dark); 4) unlimited duration (keep silence); 5) the action finishing (come true).

The category of voice

Shows whether the action is issuing from the subject (active voice) or is experienced by the object (passive voice).

In Ukr., there are active & passive voise.

In English there are active (shows that the object expressed by the subject, performs the action), passive (action is directed towards the person , expressed by the subject, but this action isn’t performed by them), reflexive (shows that the action is centered upon the doer of the action himself) voices.

6. Non-finite forms of the verb in English and Ukrainian.

Non-finite forms of the verb can be used only as a nominal part of a compound predicate and perform functions of other parts of a sentence. The common verbal form is infinitive (the indefinite form of the verb), Eng possesses peculiar verbal form – the gerund, which doesn’t have the equivalent in Ukr; in Eng there is participle, whereas in Ukr – дієприкметник and дієприслівник.

The Eng infinitive is always distinguished by its identifier "to" (to come, to be asked), whereas the Ukr infinitive is characterised by the suffixes -ти, -ть, -тись, -тися (бігти, носитися, їхать). Specifically Ukr is the diminutive infinitive formed by combined suffixes: спатки, спатоньки, їстоньки.

The gerund and the diyepryslivnyk present allomorphic verbals in Eng and Ukr respectively. The gerund has both verbal and noun characteristics, the former being those of tense and voice (asking — being asked) and the ability of taking an objective complement: I like reading books, as well as the ability of being modified by an adverb: Going quickly never tiers him. The noun characteristics of the gerund: its functions in the sentence as subject, object, the predicative part, the attribute, and as an adverbial modifier of manner.

The Ukr diyepryslivnyk may be formed from the present stem of the verb or from the infinitive of both the transitive and intransitive verbs. The imperfective (present) diyepryslivnyk is formed from the present stem of the verb belonging to the first verbal declension by adding the suffix -учи/-ючи. Cf. нес/уть + -учи: несучи; працю/ють + -ючи — працюючи.

Perfective (past) diyepryslivnyk is formed from the infinitival stems with the help of the suffix -ши, added to the stem that ends in a consonant, or the suffix -вши that is added to the stem of perfective and non-perfective verbs which end in a consonant: донісши; привізши, etc.

The semantic and functional equivalents to the imperfective (present) and perfective (past) diyepryslivnyks in English are perfect participles performing the functions of the adverbial modifiers of time: "...while working so hard he needed sea air"; or attending circumstances: Clara sat in the cool parlour reading.; the adverbial modifiers of cause: "Being tired he thought of sleep."; and that of result: ...having seen all that was to be seen he came out., etc.

The functions of the infinitive and the participles in the sentence generally coincide in both languages, though Ukr participles have gender, number and case distinctions, which are lost by their Eng corresponding equivalent verbals. Cf. gender and number categories: працюючий, працююча, працююче (колесо); number and case: працюючого, працюючому, працюючим.