1. The notion of grammatical category. Noun and its grammar categories in English and Ukrainian.

A part of speech is characterized by its gr.category – is a systematic opposition of different morphological forms possessing different referential meaning.

The noun as a part of speech is characterised in English and Ukrainian by a common lexico-grammatical nature of substantivity or "thingness".

Paradigmatic classes of nouns:

1) Common nouns

- Concrete (tree, house, book, etc.)

- Abstract (fear, knowledge, news, etc.)

- Collective (cattle, family, government, etc.)

- Names of materials (air, snow, iron, etc.)

- Class nouns (bird, flower, cat, etc.)

2) Proper names

- Names/nicknames of people, nationals (Nelly, English, англійці, etc.)

- Family names (Adams, Byron, Newton, etc.)

- Geographical names (Alaska, Chicago, the Black Sea, etc.)

- Names of companies, newspapers, etc. (Ford, Daily Telegraph, etc.)

2) The category of number is a binomic opposition: singular opposed to plural. Plural is formed in Eng by ending -s: [s], [z], [iz]. In Ukr each declension of nouns has another ending.

Those nouns which are uncountable have as a rule a singular forms: 1) collective (humanity = людство); 2) substance or mass (glass = скло); 3) abstract (health = здоров’я).

Peculiarities of Eng category of number: 1) similar form for singular and plural; 2) different meanings (manner = спосіб, manners = поведінка); 3) different meanings of two plural forms (brothers vs. brethren); 4) plural form – singular meaning (news, linguistics, measles, etc.).

3) The category of case: In Ukr a noun has a very complicated system of declension. The system is made up in the opposition of 6 or 7 cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, locative and vocative. In Eng the category of case is represented through the common and possessive case.

4) The category of gender: In Ukr all the nouns denote living being or lifeless object possess the category of gender: masculine, feminine and neuter. In modern Eng there is no division of nouns ac. to gender.

2. Parts of speech. Notional and semi-notional parts of speech in Eng.&Ukr.

There is a difference between these N.& S-N. Notional words usually have substitutes – for example - nouns can be replaced by pronouns. The lexical meaning of S-N words is usually so week and general that these words can be hardly replaced.

Thus, prepositions, conjunctions, articles and particles are semi-notional parts of speech.

1) Prepositions: Simple (прості): at, in, on; в, з, під; Compound (складні): inside, into, within; посеред, поміж, із-за; Derivative (похідні): along, beside; внаслідок, завдяки; Composite (складені): by means of, in spite of; на відміну від, в межах.

2) Conjunctions: 1) Simple (and, but, or, if, that, till і /й, а, бо, ні, та/. 2) Derivative/compound: all + though --» although, un + less -» unless, be + cause — » because, un + till -» until, where + as -» whereas, a + бо -» або, за + те -» зате, про + те — проте, як + що -» якщо, як + би -» якби, etc. 3) Composite (складені): as if, as soon as, in order that; так що; через те, що; для того, щоб; з того час, як; відтоді, як, etc.

As to their syntactic functions, conjunctions are subdivided into: a) co-ordinating conjunctions and b) subordinating conjunctions.Сo-ordinating conjunctions in the contrasted languages fall into the following subclasses:

1. Copulative (єднальні): and, nor, neither... nor, і/й, та, також

2. Disjunctive (розділові) :or, either... or або, ато, чи,

3. Adversative (протиставні): but, still, yet але, проте, зате, однак

4. Resultative (пояснювальні): so, hence так, що,

5. The causal conjunction (for) is pertaining only to English.

Subordinate conjunctions fall into the following groups:

1. Conjunctions of time: since, until, till, коли, відколи, поки

2. Conjunctions/connectives of place and direction: where, де, куди,

3. Conjunctions of cause or reason: as, because, since, seeing, бо, через те що

4. Conjunctions of condition: if, unless, provided, supposing якби, якщо, якщо б, коли б,

5. Conjunctions of purpose: that, in order that, для того щоб, з тим щоб.

1. Conjunctions of result: so that, that, так що, отож

6. Conjunctions of concession: though, although, as, , хоч, хай, нехай, дарма що,

8.Conjunctions of comparison: as, as...as, not so... as, than, як, що, мов, мовби, немов,

3) Particles do not express any syntactic relations. Their function is in both languages to emphasise or to make negative the meaning or giving some additional shade (emotional, evaluative, etc.) to their meaning/sense. Simple: all, else, even, just, too, yet, not, а, і/й, так, ну, не, ж, еге and others; Derivative: alone, merely, scarcely, simply, нум, нумо, було, просто, все, воно, собі, та, те, це, оце, а, чи; Compound: almost, also (невже, якраз).

4)Іnterjections are unchangeable words or phrases expressing emotional and volitional reaction of the speaker on some event.

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NOTIONAL: nouns, adjective, numeral, pronoun, verb, adverb.

1. ADJECTIVE: renders some characteristic of an object. In sentence it performs the functions of attribute. There are qualitative – express some characteristic features and qualities of some objects. Relative - express some characteristics bound with the relation to some other object.

In English there are quantitative adjectives – little, few, much, many. In Ukr. these words are represented by adverbs or indefinite numerals.

In Ukr. There are possessive adjectives – express belonging of some object to some person: батьків, братів, сестрин. The corresponding notions are rendered in Eng. with the help of the possessive case of a noun( sister’s) or with the help of preposition+noun combination(of the father).

According to morphological characteristics in ukr.there are full &short adjectives(without flexions)-винен, повен, певен.

Qualitative adj.have the degrees of comparison: positive-comparative-superlative (long-longer-the longest). Ukrainian comparative degree adjective have 2 forms of expression – synthetic & analytical( with the help of 1)suffixes & 2)більш/менш )

Ukrainian superlative degree adjective have 3 forms of expression – simple, complex, composite( 1)най-; 2)як, що; 3)найбільш/найменш)

English synthetic way of comparison – er; -est. analytical: more, the most.

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2. NUMERAL: 1)cardinal(кількісні) & 2)ordinal-порядкові. In Ukr.there are also collective numerals: троє, четверо.according to the stem building numerals in both languages are devided into:

1. simple/root – 1-10 in Eng., 1-10 and 40 in Ukr.

2. Derivative – with the help of suffixes –teen, -ty, -надцять, -дцять.

3. Compound – in English from 21-99.

4. Composite – 2hundred and 4; 21-99 in Ukr.

Fractional/дробові – in Ukr., cardinal numeral for the numerator and ordinal for the denominator.

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3. PRONOUN: Lexico-grammatical meaning: denoting some substances, qualities, quantities, circumstances, not by naming them, but by indicating. Grammatical categories: category of number and case.

Classes of pronouns:

• Personal (особові): I, he, she, it, we, you, they; я, ти, він, вона, воно, ми, ви, вони;

• Possessive (присвійні): my, his, her, its, our, your, their, mine, hers, yours, ours; мій, твій, її, наше, ваше, ваш, їхня, їхнє, їхній;

• Reflexive (зворотні): myself, himself, itself, yourself, yourselves, ourselves; себе, собі, собою;

• Demonstrative (вказівні): this, that, such a, same; цей, той, ті, той самий, такий самий;

• Interrogative (питальні): who, whose, what, which, how much; хто, що, який, котрий, які саме, хто саме;

• Relative (відносні): who, whose, what, which; хто, що, який, чий, котрий, чиї, чиїх;

• Indefinite (неозначені): each, all, every, some, any; дехто, дещо, хтось, щось, будь-хто, казна-що;

• Negative (заперечні): no, nobody, none, nothing, neither; ніхто, ніщо, ніякий, нічий, ніскільки;

• Reciprocal (взаємні): each other, one another; один одного;

Some grammarians distinguish also:

• Generalizing: all, each, every, both, either;

• Distinguishing (видільні): other, another;

• Indefinite-personal: one;

• Defining (означальні): весь, всякий, сам, кожний, інший;

• Strengthening: myself.