2. Прочитайте текст снова и письменно ответьте на вопросы:

1. Were most economies in the world closed until very recently?

2. Do open economies exchange exports or imports with each other?

3. Importing products will always make the local economy shrink, won’t it?

4. Who benefits from an open economy?

5. Do you create an invisible export if you go abroad for a holiday?

Вариант 3

1. Прочитайте и письменно переведите на русский язык текст:

CHANNELS OF MARKETING

1. Individual consumers and corporate/organizational buyers are aware that thousands of goods and services are available through a very large number of diverse channel outlets. What they may not be well aware of is the fact that the channel structure, or the set of institutions, agencies, and establishments through which the product must move to get to them, can be amazingly complex. Usually, combinations of institutions specializing in manufacturing, wholesaling, retailing, and many other areas join forces in marketing channel arrangements to make possible the delivery of goods to industrial users or customers and to final consumers.

2. The same is true for the marketing of services. For example, in the case of health care delivery, hospitals, ambulance services, physicians, laboratories, insurance companies, and drugstores combine efforts in an organized channel arrangement to ensure the delivery of a critical service. All these institutions depend on each other to cater effectively to consumer demands. Therefore, marketing channels can be viewed as sets of interdependent organizations involved in the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption.

3. From the outset, it should be recognized that not only do marketing channels satisfy demand by supplying goods and services at the right place, quantity, quality, and price, but they also stimulate demand through the promotional activities of the units (e.g., retailers, manufacturers' representatives, sales offices, and wholesalers) comprising them. Therefore, the channel should be viewed as an orchestrated network that creates value for the user or consumer through the generation of form, possession, time, and place utilities. A major focus of marketing channel management is on delivery. It is only through distribution that public and private goods can be made available for consumption. Producers of such goods are individually capable of generating only form or structural utility for their "products".

2.Прочитайте текст снова и письменно ответьте на вопросы:

1. What are individual consumers and corporate buyers aware of?

2. What do different institutions specialize in to maximize their profits?

3. How can marketing channels be viewed?

4. How also is it possible to stimulate demand?

5. What is the major focus of marketing channel management concentrated on?

Вариант 4

1. Прочитайте и письменно переведите на русский язык текст:

IMPORT - EXPORT

1. International trade is the exchange of goods and services between different countries. Depending on what a country produces and needs, it can export (sell goods to another country) and import (buy goods from another country). Governments can control international trade. The most common measures are tariffs (or duties) and quotas. A tariff is a tax on imported goods, and a quota is the maximum quantity of a product allowed into a country during a certain period of time. These measures are protectionist as they raise the price of imported goods to «protect» domestically produced goods.

2. International organisations such as the WTO (World Trade Organisation) and EFTA (European Free Trade Association) regulate tariffs and reduce trade restrictions between member countries.

3. Companies can choose from various methods to establish their products in a foreign market. One option is to start by working with local experts such as sole agents or multi-distributors, who have specialist knowledge of the market and sell on behalf of the company. This often leads to the company opening a local branch or sales office. Another option is to sell, or give permission to use, patents and licences for their products. Companies may wish to start by manufacturing in the export market, in which case they can either set up a local subsidiary or a joint venture with a local partner.