- •Categories of the Verb in me
- •4.Changes within the system of Strong and Weak verbs in me
- •The Old English vowel System
- •5. The Morphological Classification of the oe verbs.
- •Irregular verbs
- •6 Rise of the Article System in me.
- •7The oe Consonant System
- •8Changes within the Adjective System in me
- •9The Non-Finite forms of the Verb in oe.
- •10Changes within the Pronoun System in me.
- •12 Changes within the Noun System in me.
- •11Oe vowels. Development of Vowels in Unstressed Syllables in oe.
- •13Principal features of Germanic Languages.
- •14 Changes within the consonant s to system in me.
- •17Word stress in Indo-European and Common Germanic
- •15Strong, Weak, Preterito-Present and Anomalous verbs in oe.
- •Strong verbs
- •Weak verbs
- •16Formation of New Diphthongs in me.
- •20Me vowels: Quantitative changes.
- •21Verner’s Law. Rhotacism
- •22Me vowels: Qualitative changes
- •Middle English New English
- •Middle English New English
- •Middle English New English
- •23Common Germanic Vowel Shift, Common Germanic Fracture Germanic Vowel Shift
- •24Scandinavian Borrowings in Middle e.
- •Many words with k sound before e and I, numerous words with sk sound are to be assigned to Scandinavian origin. Pronoun same and pronominal forms with initial th – they, their, them.
- •26French Borrowings in me.
- •27Indo-European and Germanic Ablaut
- •28Reduction of Vowels in Final Unstressed Syllable in me
- •Oe writan – wrat – writon – written
- •Written – wrot- written – written
- •29Basic grammatical Features of Germanic Languages.
- •32Changes within the System of Vowels in me
- •Oe writan – wrat – writon – written
- •Written – wrot- written – written
- •Quantitative changes
- •Lengthening of vowels
- •35Periods in the History of English
- •The period of lost endings
- •Changes within the Consonant System in Early New English
- •34. General characteristic of Middle English Grammar
- •The old English vowel system. Phonological Processes in oe and their Traces in Modern English (oe Breaking, Velar Umlaut, I-Umlaut, Palatal Diphon)
- •Umlauts
- •Development of vocabulary in Mod e.
- •Indian: bungalow, indigo Chinese: coolie, tea
- •46. The Linguistic Consequences of the Scandinavian Invasion.
- •The categories of the oe adjective and their further development
- •48. The Linguistic Consequences of the Norman Conquest.
- •Development of vowels in oe
- •Formation of the national literary English Language
- •Latin Borrowings thought the development of the English language
- •The declension of the Noun in oe. Types of stems.
- •Vowel-stems. Declension of a-stem nouns.
- •55. Me dialects.
- •Development of Consonants in oe
- •Development of Non-finite forms of the Verb in the English language
- •Participle I. Has the ending –ende and is declined as a weak adjective. It is used attributively (in pre- and post-position) and predicative.
- •Grammatical categories of the Noun in oe.
- •The pronoun in oe
- •The adjective in oe
- •Changes within the verb system in Modern English
- •You shall do it – necessity
- •I will do it – volition
- •I should be present – to show events which are probable, though problematic
- •I should be present – to show imaginary events contrary to fact.
- •Verbal grammatical categories in oe
- •Ic write (singular) We writa.. (plural) tense
- •Strong verbs in oe
- •Weak verbs in oe
- •Class II – the stem suffix –oi
- •Latin borrowings thought the development of the English language
- •Verbs ending in –ate, -ute
- •Peretrite-present verbs in oe and their further development
- •Oe vocabulary
16Formation of New Diphthongs in me.
All OE diphthongs were contracted (became monophthongs) as at the end of the OE period.
-
periods
sounds
Old English
Middle English
eo > e
ea >e
eo >e
ea >a
deop
bread
seofon
eald
deep
bread
seven
ald
But instead of the former diphthongs that had undergone contraction at the end of the OE period there appeared in Middle English new diphthongs. The new diphthongs sprang into being due to the vocalization of the consonant [j] after the front vowels [e]or [ae] or due to the vocalization of the consonant [ ] or the semi-vowel [w] after the back vowels [o] and [a:].
Thus in Middle English there appeared four new diphthongs: [ai], [ei], [au], [ou].
20Me vowels: Quantitative changes.
Among many cases of quantitative changes of vowels one should pay particular attention to the lengthening of the vowel, when it was followed by the consonant [r]. Short vowels followed by the consonant [r] became long after the disappearance of the given consonant at the end of the word or before another consonant.
Middle English New English
[ a ]>[a: ] farm farm
[ o ]>[ o: ] hors horse
When the consonant [r] stood after the vowels [e], [i], [u], the resulting vowel was different from the initial vowel not only in quantity but also in quality.
Compare:
her
fir [ ]
fur
or [h] before [t]: might, night, light
21Verner’s Law. Rhotacism
Verne’s Law is formulated in the following way: voiceless fricatives f, p, h that appeared due to sound-shifting and s inherited from PIE became voiced in the inter-vocal position if the preceding syllable was unstressed, nut otherwise remained unchanged.
p t k |
|
b d g |
This change may have taken place in the 1st century AD.
s-z-r
Verner’s Law plus a later change called Rhotacism takes care of another troublesome anomaly: the appearance of what ought to be unchanged IE. It took place in the West Germanic languages and ON.
22Me vowels: Qualitative changes
changes of monophthongs
All long monophthongs underwent a change that is called The Great Vowel Shift. Due to this change the vowels became more narrow and more front.
[ ]>[ ]
[ ]>[ ]
[ ]>[ ]
[ ]>[ ]
Two long close vowels [ ] and [ ] at first also became more narrow and gave diphthong of the [ ] or [ ]type. But those diphthongs were unstable because of the similarity between the glide and the nucleus. Consequently the process of the dissimilation of the elements of the new diphthongs took place and eventually the vowels [ ] and [ ] gave us the diphthongs [ ] and [ ], respectively. For instance: