- •Categories of the Verb in me
- •4.Changes within the system of Strong and Weak verbs in me
- •The Old English vowel System
- •5. The Morphological Classification of the oe verbs.
- •Irregular verbs
- •6 Rise of the Article System in me.
- •7The oe Consonant System
- •8Changes within the Adjective System in me
- •9The Non-Finite forms of the Verb in oe.
- •10Changes within the Pronoun System in me.
- •12 Changes within the Noun System in me.
- •11Oe vowels. Development of Vowels in Unstressed Syllables in oe.
- •13Principal features of Germanic Languages.
- •14 Changes within the consonant s to system in me.
- •17Word stress in Indo-European and Common Germanic
- •15Strong, Weak, Preterito-Present and Anomalous verbs in oe.
- •Strong verbs
- •Weak verbs
- •16Formation of New Diphthongs in me.
- •20Me vowels: Quantitative changes.
- •21Verner’s Law. Rhotacism
- •22Me vowels: Qualitative changes
- •Middle English New English
- •Middle English New English
- •Middle English New English
- •23Common Germanic Vowel Shift, Common Germanic Fracture Germanic Vowel Shift
- •24Scandinavian Borrowings in Middle e.
- •Many words with k sound before e and I, numerous words with sk sound are to be assigned to Scandinavian origin. Pronoun same and pronominal forms with initial th – they, their, them.
- •26French Borrowings in me.
- •27Indo-European and Germanic Ablaut
- •28Reduction of Vowels in Final Unstressed Syllable in me
- •Oe writan – wrat – writon – written
- •Written – wrot- written – written
- •29Basic grammatical Features of Germanic Languages.
- •32Changes within the System of Vowels in me
- •Oe writan – wrat – writon – written
- •Written – wrot- written – written
- •Quantitative changes
- •Lengthening of vowels
- •35Periods in the History of English
- •The period of lost endings
- •Changes within the Consonant System in Early New English
- •34. General characteristic of Middle English Grammar
- •The old English vowel system. Phonological Processes in oe and their Traces in Modern English (oe Breaking, Velar Umlaut, I-Umlaut, Palatal Diphon)
- •Umlauts
- •Development of vocabulary in Mod e.
- •Indian: bungalow, indigo Chinese: coolie, tea
- •46. The Linguistic Consequences of the Scandinavian Invasion.
- •The categories of the oe adjective and their further development
- •48. The Linguistic Consequences of the Norman Conquest.
- •Development of vowels in oe
- •Formation of the national literary English Language
- •Latin Borrowings thought the development of the English language
- •The declension of the Noun in oe. Types of stems.
- •Vowel-stems. Declension of a-stem nouns.
- •55. Me dialects.
- •Development of Consonants in oe
- •Development of Non-finite forms of the Verb in the English language
- •Participle I. Has the ending –ende and is declined as a weak adjective. It is used attributively (in pre- and post-position) and predicative.
- •Grammatical categories of the Noun in oe.
- •The pronoun in oe
- •The adjective in oe
- •Changes within the verb system in Modern English
- •You shall do it – necessity
- •I will do it – volition
- •I should be present – to show events which are probable, though problematic
- •I should be present – to show imaginary events contrary to fact.
- •Verbal grammatical categories in oe
- •Ic write (singular) We writa.. (plural) tense
- •Strong verbs in oe
- •Weak verbs in oe
- •Class II – the stem suffix –oi
- •Latin borrowings thought the development of the English language
- •Verbs ending in –ate, -ute
- •Peretrite-present verbs in oe and their further development
- •Oe vocabulary
15Strong, Weak, Preterito-Present and Anomalous verbs in oe.
The verbs are divided in two main groups: strong and weak. Strong verbs from their preterite and participle II by change of the root-vowel; weak verbs form their preterite and participle II by addition of a dental suffix. The weak verbs are a productive type: the strong group is a survival of Indo-European gradation, which was a regular change of vowel (e-o-zero) conveying grammatical or lexical distinctions. The OE system of finite verb-forms includes two tenses – Present and Preterite; three moods – Indicative, Subjunctive and Imperative. The category of person is represented only in the Indicative singular and the Imperative; there is no indication of person in the Indicative plural or in any o the Subjunctive forms
Strong verbs
… are subdivided in 7 classes, each class with its own type of vowel-change. The 7th class is the least regular one; it forms a number of small groups, and many verbs belonging to this class have weak forms besides the strong ones.
The stems given below are distributed in the following manner:
Grade I: Present Indicative and Subjunctive, Infinitive, Participle I
Grade II: 1st and 3rd persons sg. Preterite Indicative
Grade III (or zero) comprises two stems:
The stem of the indicative Preterite – 2nd person sg, and pl.; Subjunctive Pretrite
The stem of Participle II.
In this way, the OE strong verbs have four stems, although there are only three grades.
Weak verbs
The weak verbs are subdivided in 3 groups, according to the stem-vowel joining the ending to the root. They are:
the 1st class, formerly with –ja in the present and –i in the past. Its root-vowel is mutated; the dental suffix was joined to the root by -i which had disappeared after long syllables and was weakened to e after short syllables.
The 2nd class has –ian in the Infinitive and o in the Preterite. The vowel is not mutated.
The 3rd class includes very few verbs: the dental suffix is joined immediately to the root; in the Present there was –j, but the 2nd and 3rd persons sg. Show no trace of –j.
Preterite-Present verbs
The so-called preterite-present verbs are a small group of verbs (120 which have vowel-gradation in their present-tens from, corresponding to vowel-gradation in the preterite of strong verbs. Their preterite is formed on the weak patter. The infinitive has, as a rule, the 3rd grade. These verbs have a marked modal meaning; most of them exist in MnE as modal verbs.
Morphological Classification
The verbs are divided in two: Strong verbs (7 classes), weak verbs (3 classes) and other verbs (suppletive, irregular, preterite-present verbs)
Strong verbs
The vowel interchange or ablaut which was the principal grammatical means in the conjugation of the OE strong verbs was of two kinds: qualitative and quantitative. The 1-5 classes are mainly based on the qualitative ablaut, the 6th class – on the quantitative ablaut, 7th class – formed their principal forms by means of the so-called reduplication of the root syllable, but in the course of the development of the language that means was obliterated. The OE qualitative ablaut is akin to the Common Germanic and even Indo-European ablaut.
Weak verbs
The OE weak verbs are relatively younger than the strong verbs. They reflected a later stage in the development of Germanic lang. They were an open class in OE as new verbs that entered the language generally formed their forms on analogy with the weak verbs. Whereas the strong verbs used vowel-interchange as a means of differentiation among principal verb stems, the weak verbs used for that purpose suffixation, namely, suffixes –t, or –d. for example: cepan – cepte – cept The strong verbs were “root-stem” verbs, they did not have any stem-forming suffix following the root, but they added their grammatical endings to the root directly. The weak verbs, however, had a stem-forming suffix that followed the root and preceded the grammatical ending. In accordance with the character of the stem-suffix the weak verbs are subdivided into three classes. Class I – the stem suffix –i (the class includes many verbs formed from other nouns, adjectives or verbs). All of them have a front root vowel – the result of palatal mutation due to the –i element of the stem-suf). Class II – the stem suf – oi (the o-element of the suffix is preserved in the past tense and in the Past Participle).
Irregular verbs The weak verbs of the rd class are considered to be irregular, because the class consists of only three verbs, following their own individual patterns of form building. Among the 1st class there were also some irregular verbs. This irregularity was inherent, but it was manifested in pre-historic times in OE differently.
tellan (to tell) sellan (to sell)
The sign of irregularity of the weak verbs in OE was vowel interchange, a feature not typical of this group of verbs. The cause of it was the original absence of the stem-forming suffix –i in Past Singular and past participle. Under the influence of –i only the form of the Infinitive could change during the process of palatal mutation. (talian – tellan) the other two remaining unchanged, and as a result the verb acquired vowel interchange.
Preterite-present
There was a group of some strong verbs which in the pre-written period lost some of their forms and preserved the others, changing their lexical and grammatical meaning. These verbs are called preterite-prsent, for in the written period they build their present tense forms from the original past ones. The new past tense forms of these verbs in OE are built with the help of dental suffixation. The majority of preterite-present verbs are defective verbs, which lost their connection with the other forms and were dropped. The group of OE preterite-present verbs includes, among others, the following:
azan -
cunnan
sculan
mazan
Suppletive verbs
Among such verbs we may mention the following:
beon – wesan (be) zan – eode (go) don – dyde (do)