- •Categories of the Verb in me
- •4.Changes within the system of Strong and Weak verbs in me
- •The Old English vowel System
- •5. The Morphological Classification of the oe verbs.
- •Irregular verbs
- •6 Rise of the Article System in me.
- •7The oe Consonant System
- •8Changes within the Adjective System in me
- •9The Non-Finite forms of the Verb in oe.
- •10Changes within the Pronoun System in me.
- •12 Changes within the Noun System in me.
- •11Oe vowels. Development of Vowels in Unstressed Syllables in oe.
- •13Principal features of Germanic Languages.
- •14 Changes within the consonant s to system in me.
- •17Word stress in Indo-European and Common Germanic
- •15Strong, Weak, Preterito-Present and Anomalous verbs in oe.
- •Strong verbs
- •Weak verbs
- •16Formation of New Diphthongs in me.
- •20Me vowels: Quantitative changes.
- •21Verner’s Law. Rhotacism
- •22Me vowels: Qualitative changes
- •Middle English New English
- •Middle English New English
- •Middle English New English
- •23Common Germanic Vowel Shift, Common Germanic Fracture Germanic Vowel Shift
- •24Scandinavian Borrowings in Middle e.
- •Many words with k sound before e and I, numerous words with sk sound are to be assigned to Scandinavian origin. Pronoun same and pronominal forms with initial th – they, their, them.
- •26French Borrowings in me.
- •27Indo-European and Germanic Ablaut
- •28Reduction of Vowels in Final Unstressed Syllable in me
- •Oe writan – wrat – writon – written
- •Written – wrot- written – written
- •29Basic grammatical Features of Germanic Languages.
- •32Changes within the System of Vowels in me
- •Oe writan – wrat – writon – written
- •Written – wrot- written – written
- •Quantitative changes
- •Lengthening of vowels
- •35Periods in the History of English
- •The period of lost endings
- •Changes within the Consonant System in Early New English
- •34. General characteristic of Middle English Grammar
- •The old English vowel system. Phonological Processes in oe and their Traces in Modern English (oe Breaking, Velar Umlaut, I-Umlaut, Palatal Diphon)
- •Umlauts
- •Development of vocabulary in Mod e.
- •Indian: bungalow, indigo Chinese: coolie, tea
- •46. The Linguistic Consequences of the Scandinavian Invasion.
- •The categories of the oe adjective and their further development
- •48. The Linguistic Consequences of the Norman Conquest.
- •Development of vowels in oe
- •Formation of the national literary English Language
- •Latin Borrowings thought the development of the English language
- •The declension of the Noun in oe. Types of stems.
- •Vowel-stems. Declension of a-stem nouns.
- •55. Me dialects.
- •Development of Consonants in oe
- •Development of Non-finite forms of the Verb in the English language
- •Participle I. Has the ending –ende and is declined as a weak adjective. It is used attributively (in pre- and post-position) and predicative.
- •Grammatical categories of the Noun in oe.
- •The pronoun in oe
- •The adjective in oe
- •Changes within the verb system in Modern English
- •You shall do it – necessity
- •I will do it – volition
- •I should be present – to show events which are probable, though problematic
- •I should be present – to show imaginary events contrary to fact.
- •Verbal grammatical categories in oe
- •Ic write (singular) We writa.. (plural) tense
- •Strong verbs in oe
- •Weak verbs in oe
- •Class II – the stem suffix –oi
- •Latin borrowings thought the development of the English language
- •Verbs ending in –ate, -ute
- •Peretrite-present verbs in oe and their further development
- •Oe vocabulary
Lengthening of vowels
Thefist lengthening of vowels took place as early as late OE (9 century). All vowels which occurred before the combinations of consonants such as mb, nd, ld became long.
-
Old English
Middle English
[i]>[I:]
[u] > [u:]
Climban
Findan
Cild
hund
Climben
Finden
Cild
hound
The second lengthening of vowels took place in Middle English (12 – 13 century). The vowls [a], [o] and [e] were affected by the process. This change can be observed when the given vowels are found in an open syllable.
-
Old English
Middle English
a> a
e> e
o> o
talu
sprecan
hopian
tale
speken
hopen
Shortening of vowels
All long vowels were shortened in Middle English if they arefound before two consonants (11 century)
-
Old English
Middle English
cepte
wisdom
cepte
wisdom
Through phonetic processes the lengthening ad the shortening of vowels mentioned above left traces in grammar and wordstock. Due to it vowel interchange developed in many cases between:
-different forms of the same word
different words formed from the same root
For instant:
-
Middle English
[i:]
[e:]
[i:]
[i]
[e]
[i]
child
kepen
wis
35Periods in the History of English
OE (VII (V) - XI) PERIOD
the period of full endings.
Early OE period (450/700 – Anglo-Saxon conquest): the local regional dialects,
Late OE (700/1066 – the Norman conquest)
KINGDOMS AND DIALECTS:
the Jutes (Kent and the Isle of Wight) – the main dialects - Kentish. Kingdom - Kent
The Saxons (the south of the Thames) – the main dialects - West Saxon, East Saxon. Kingdoms – Wessex, Essex, Sussex.
The Angles (north of the Thames) – the main dialects - Anglian, Mercian, Northumbrian. Kingdoms – Anglian, Mercian, Northumbrian
ME (XII - XV) PERIOD.
The period of leveled endings.
Early ME period (1066/1350): Britain under the Norman rule. The local dialects were used for oral communication, Scandinavian and French borrowings.
Late ME period (1350/1475/1485): the age of Chaucer, the war of the Roses 1455/1485. Restoration of English to the position of state and literary language of the consolidated English nationality. Ruining of the feudal society, the absolute monarchy, development of the capitalist relations. The London dialect.
Modern E (XV) PERIOD.