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MSc Kateryna Grushevska, Researcher/BACKIS Ph.D. Scholarship,

ITMMA, University of Antwerp, Odessa National Maritime University

(Odessa, Ukraine- Antwerp, Belgium)

Prof DSc, Theo Notteboom

ITMMA, University of Antwerp, part-time professor at the Antwerp Maritime

Academy and a visiting professor at Dalian Maritime University in China and World Maritime University in Sweden

AN ECONOMIC AND INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS OF MULTI-PORT

GATEWAY REGIONS IN THE BLACK SEA BASIN

© Grushevska K., Notteboom T., 2014

The concept of ‘multi-port gateway region’ has been introduced by Notteboom [1] and has been applied to important seaport markets such as Europe and Asia. However, the dynamics and port development patterns in secondary multi-port gateway regions, such as the Black Sea region, have received far less attention in academic literature. An empirical application of established spatial and functional development models to such secondary port regions might substantiate the external validity of these models as these ports operate in a different spatial, economic and institutional environment.

The Black Sea ports represent an interesting case study in view of the types, governance models and environment in which they operate and develop. The majority of Black Sea ports (Ukrainian, Russian, and Georgian) experienced tremendous economic and institutional changes in the last 20 years, from being Soviet centralized ports benefiting from public shelter policies to ports belonging to different autonomous countries and facing a new market economic reality based on efficiency and the effects of demand/supply (im)balance. The other Black Sea ports of Romania and Bulgaria were exposed to the termination of the Soviet influence in the early 1990s and a stepwise transformation from Socialist states to full EU Member States. Moreover, globalization processes, structural changes in logistics and distribution networks, as well as fierce competition among ports in the Black Sea basin affected their development path.

The aim of the paper is to characterize the spatial dynamics of container ports of the Black Sea multi-port gateway regions by testing the validity of established spatial models on port system development [1,2]. Furthermore, the expected future development path for port hierarchy in the Black Sea basin is discussed, taking into account expected or desired institutional changes, the strategies and objectives of market players and public stakeholders and the impact of port and terminal development plans on port competition and the demand/supply balance. By doing so, the paper assesses the following research question. To what extent is the Black Sea port region following an ‘expected’ development path as portrayed in a number of port system development models, or alternatively, can be characterized as an atypical port system following its own development logic? Moreover, we provide insight on which of the container ports demonstrate the most potential to lead in terms of competition and cargo concentration.

The spatial analysis of ports and port systems has been extensively addressed in the scientific literature. There are two main development courses in port system development: concentration and deconcentration dynamics. For a more comprehensive overview of these papers we refer to Pallis et al. [3] and Ducruet et al. [5]. All these empirical studies stress that ports are developing in different directions and do not follow the common evolution stages as stated by the classic study of Taaffe et al. [6]. More importantly, the numerous investigations were applied to large port systems of global importance (South East Asia, European port system, etc.). There are hardly any studies on secondary “multi-port gateway regions”, a term introduced by Notteboom [1], that have a regional implication and do not play a vital role in the global port network. The few exceptions include the study of Feng and Notteboom [7] on the multi-port gateway regions in the Bohai Bay region in Northeast China and the research on the Southern African container port system presented in Notteboom [8] and Fraser and Notteboom [9]. It might very well be that these secondary multi-port gateway regions develop in a particular way having other dynamics and patterns than principal gateway port systems.

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7. Feng, L. Peripheral challenge by Small and Medium Sized Ports (SMPs) in Multi-Port

Gateway Regions: the case study of northeast of China/L. Feng, T. Notteboom // Polish

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Container Port System in Transition/T. Notteboom// International Journal of Shipping

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9. Fraser D. 2012, Gateway and hinterland dynamics: the case of the Southern African

сontainer seaport system/ D. Fraser, T. Notteboom//African Journal of Business

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in Ukrainian ports: market players, estimated demand and capacities/

K.Grushevska //ITMMA, University of Antwerp, Master thesis, 2013.- 104 p.

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Economic Geography.-1981.-57(2). - P. 160–176.

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14. Navrozova Yu.A., Grushevska K.V.2011, SWOT analysis of the Sea Ports in the Black

Sea-Azov basin/ Yu.A. Navrozova, K. V. Grushevska //Scientific Review of

Development of Management Methods in Transport.-2011.- 36.-P. 18-34.

Канд. экон. наук, доц. Н.В. Дубовик

Кафедра «Экономика предприятия и

предпринимательство на морском транспорте»

Одесский национальный морской университет

(Одесса, Украина)