- •1. Language and speech, their levels
- •2. Morpheme, its definition and classifications. Allomorphs
- •3. Word forms and its types
- •4. Grammatical meaning
- •5. Grammatical category
- •6. Definition of the noun
- •7. Classes of nouns
- •8. The category of number. The system of opposemes of the category
- •9. Singularia tantum and Pluralia tantum
- •10. The system of opposemes of the category of case
- •11. Double nature of the category of case
- •12. Declinables and indeclinables
- •13. The problem of analytical cases in Modern English
- •14. The peculiarities of the “–‘s” morpheme
- •15. Relational meanings expressed by Genitive
- •16. General characteristics of the verb
- •17. Semantic classification of Verbs
- •18. The category of tense, its correlation with the objective category of time
- •19. The problem of «perfect" in English. Category of order. Meanings rendered by perfect forms
- •20. The category of aspect. Aspect & manner of action. Neutralization of continuous forms
- •21. The category of voice. Morphologo-syntactic nature of the voice category. Number and kinds of voices in me. The problem of reflexive, reciprocal and middle voices
- •22. Syntax as a part of grammar
- •23. Basic syntactic notions: syntactic unit, syntactic form, syntactic meaning, syntactic function, syntactic relations, syntactic position, syntactic valence
- •26. Classification of subordinate word-combinations according to their heads
- •24. Phrases (word-combinations), syntactic constructions (complexes), clauses, sentences, texts as units of syntax
- •25. Syntagmatic relations in syntax. Syntactic relations & syntactic connections
- •27. Predicative word-combinations. Primary and secondary predication. Infinitival, participial and gerundial construction, their function in the sentence
- •28. Nexus and its types
- •29. Syntactic processes of extension, expansion, replacement, representation, complication, substitution and ellipsis
- •30. Sentence, its categories and aspects
- •31. Different approaches to the study of sentences (traditional analysis, distributional analysis, transformational, oppositional analysis, ic-analysis)
- •32. Communicative classification of sentences
- •33. Functional sentence perspective (actual division of the sentence)
3. Word forms and its types
Word form is the connection of the root-morpheme with a suffix and the inflection. (root + suffix=stem; stem + inflection =word form)
There are 2 forms of word form in English: synthetic (associated with linear forms) and analytical (non-linear).
Synthetic. Is divided into inflectional (Ex. rooms, student, stopped, playing (Gerund), Participle, big-bigger-the biggest), sound alternation (internal flexion) (Ex. man-men, sing-song, mouth-mice) and suppletive (formed from different roots) (Ex. go-went, I-me, good-better).
English is analytical language. Pr. Cont., Passive, Subjunctive Mood => analytical form.
Form class is a group of word forms differing from one another by the stem (root) but having the same inflectional morpheme. (Ex. students, rooms, hands=> pl. form class; worked, stood, cut, said=> Past Indefinite form class)
4. Grammatical meaning
There are 2 types of grammatical meaning:
•generalised => is found in word classes (part of speech) and in the English language it is implicit (there is no formal marker).(Ex. of nouns=>thingness, substance; of adj.=>quality; of verbs=>action, process; of adv.=>quality of action; of number=>quantity, order)
•particular=> (lexemes) characteristics of word form(Ex. plays=> formal marker. Meaning and function can be in the form of flexion, internal flexion.
Grammeme – all the grammatical meanings, which unite many word forms into one group. (Ex. runs, sleeps, walks=> 1 grammeme). The meanings are: Past Tense, Indicative Mood, Plural, Non-continuous aspect, Non-perfect order.
Grammatical meaning is a system of expressing the grammatical meaning through the paradigmatic correlation of grammatical forms-expressed by grammatical opposition, which can be of different types: private, gradual (large-larger-largest) and equipollent (am/is/are).
5. Grammatical category
If particular grammatical meaning is regularly expressed in the language by grammatical means we can speak about the existence of grammatical category. (Ex. cat vs. cats, fox vs. foxes, ox vs. oxen, sheep vs. sheep, goose vs. geese => category of number)
Grammatical category is an expression of some general grammatical idea, is a kind of abstraction, some logical category.
Gr. category may be defined as the unity of grammatical form and grammatical meaning.
Grammatical category is an organized set of grammatical forms (grammemes). The set of self-exclusive form classes of the same lexemes including different in meaning inflectional morphemes. (Ex. cat – cat => the same lexemes, but different flexions)
All grammatical categories are distinguished on the basis of oppositions or opposemes.
Opposition – is a set of word forms (form classes) opposed to one another in one respect (показатель). (Tense oppositions=> play – played (respect here is tense)).
Majority of oppositions are 2-member (binary)=> the first opposite (member) is weak, and the second is strong. Weak doesn’t have a formal marker, strong has a marker. (Ex. play vs. played => weak – strong). Binary oppositions are often privative. Privative (the strong member of the opposition has positive sign of category, and weak – negative sign). Besides binary there are ternary (троичная) and gradual => (Ex. good vs. better vs. best).
4-member of opposition is called quaternary and equipollent (равносильные). (Ex. do – did – should do – would do).