
- •1. Language and speech, their levels
- •2. Morpheme, its definition and classifications. Allomorphs
- •3. Word forms and its types
- •4. Grammatical meaning
- •5. Grammatical category
- •6. Definition of the noun
- •7. Classes of nouns
- •8. The category of number. The system of opposemes of the category
- •9. Singularia tantum and Pluralia tantum
- •10. The system of opposemes of the category of case
- •11. Double nature of the category of case
- •12. Declinables and indeclinables
- •13. The problem of analytical cases in Modern English
- •14. The peculiarities of the “–‘s” morpheme
- •15. Relational meanings expressed by Genitive
- •16. General characteristics of the verb
- •17. Semantic classification of Verbs
- •18. The category of tense, its correlation with the objective category of time
- •19. The problem of «perfect" in English. Category of order. Meanings rendered by perfect forms
- •20. The category of aspect. Aspect & manner of action. Neutralization of continuous forms
- •21. The category of voice. Morphologo-syntactic nature of the voice category. Number and kinds of voices in me. The problem of reflexive, reciprocal and middle voices
- •22. Syntax as a part of grammar
- •23. Basic syntactic notions: syntactic unit, syntactic form, syntactic meaning, syntactic function, syntactic relations, syntactic position, syntactic valence
- •26. Classification of subordinate word-combinations according to their heads
- •24. Phrases (word-combinations), syntactic constructions (complexes), clauses, sentences, texts as units of syntax
- •25. Syntagmatic relations in syntax. Syntactic relations & syntactic connections
- •27. Predicative word-combinations. Primary and secondary predication. Infinitival, participial and gerundial construction, their function in the sentence
- •28. Nexus and its types
- •29. Syntactic processes of extension, expansion, replacement, representation, complication, substitution and ellipsis
- •30. Sentence, its categories and aspects
- •31. Different approaches to the study of sentences (traditional analysis, distributional analysis, transformational, oppositional analysis, ic-analysis)
- •32. Communicative classification of sentences
- •33. Functional sentence perspective (actual division of the sentence)
32. Communicative classification of sentences
Traditionally on the basis of communicative principle sentences are divided into 3 main types: declarative, imperative, interrogative./Ch. Fries suggested classification according to the responses sentences may elicit, he singled out 3 groups: 1.those utterances that are regularly followed by oral responses only, he lists-greetings, calls, wishes, questions 2. those eliciting action responses, action is supposed to follow-requests, commands, orders, invitations 3.those eliciting conventional signals of attention-statements. Besides communicative utterances he speaks about non-communicative-exclamations, interjections.
33. Functional sentence perspective (actual division of the sentence)
Almost each sentence contains 2 types of information: the old, already known & the new, unknown one. Actual division of sentence shows, studies the role of different parts of the sentence in conveying these 2 types of info, deals with informational perspective in the sentence. The part of the sentence containing the old info is called the theme. The part of the sentence containing the new info is called rheme. If the sentence is long enough between the theme & the rheme there may be transitional part of the actual division of this sentence which is called the transition. In many sentences the theme is placed at the beginning of the sentence & very often coincides with subject of the sentence, rheme is placed at the end, if the sentence is unexpanded coincides with the predicate. They (theme) went out (rheme)./In MnE there are several ways of showing that a word or a phrase corresponds either to the theme or rheme or ways of finding them in the sentence: 1.emphatic construction-it is that, it is who, it is which-shows to the rheme of the sentence 2.the use of articles: indefinite-rheme, definite-theme. Near our house there is a new shop. The new shop is near our house. 3.only, alone, even, just-show to the rheme. Even now we don’t know the whole truth. 4.Detached parts of the sentence always show to the theme. His likes, his dislikes(theme)-no one knew them better(transition) than he did (rheme)./at the beginning of the text in its 1st opening sentence the theme doesn’t represent smth already known but is simply the starting point of the text. The weather (theme) that day (was beautiful-rheme).