- •1. Language and speech, their levels
- •2. Morpheme, its definition and classifications. Allomorphs
- •3. Word forms and its types
- •4. Grammatical meaning
- •5. Grammatical category
- •6. Definition of the noun
- •7. Classes of nouns
- •8. The category of number. The system of opposemes of the category
- •9. Singularia tantum and Pluralia tantum
- •10. The system of opposemes of the category of case
- •11. Double nature of the category of case
- •12. Declinables and indeclinables
- •13. The problem of analytical cases in Modern English
- •14. The peculiarities of the “–‘s” morpheme
- •15. Relational meanings expressed by Genitive
- •16. General characteristics of the verb
- •17. Semantic classification of Verbs
- •18. The category of tense, its correlation with the objective category of time
- •19. The problem of «perfect" in English. Category of order. Meanings rendered by perfect forms
- •20. The category of aspect. Aspect & manner of action. Neutralization of continuous forms
- •21. The category of voice. Morphologo-syntactic nature of the voice category. Number and kinds of voices in me. The problem of reflexive, reciprocal and middle voices
- •22. Syntax as a part of grammar
- •23. Basic syntactic notions: syntactic unit, syntactic form, syntactic meaning, syntactic function, syntactic relations, syntactic position, syntactic valence
- •26. Classification of subordinate word-combinations according to their heads
- •24. Phrases (word-combinations), syntactic constructions (complexes), clauses, sentences, texts as units of syntax
- •25. Syntagmatic relations in syntax. Syntactic relations & syntactic connections
- •27. Predicative word-combinations. Primary and secondary predication. Infinitival, participial and gerundial construction, their function in the sentence
- •28. Nexus and its types
- •29. Syntactic processes of extension, expansion, replacement, representation, complication, substitution and ellipsis
- •30. Sentence, its categories and aspects
- •31. Different approaches to the study of sentences (traditional analysis, distributional analysis, transformational, oppositional analysis, ic-analysis)
- •32. Communicative classification of sentences
- •33. Functional sentence perspective (actual division of the sentence)
30. Sentence, its categories and aspects
Sentence is a minimal syntactic unit, used in the communicative speech acts, characterized by predicativity & formed by definite structural patterns. Every sentence is based on so-called proposition which shows that there exists some kind of relation of the denoted event to the reality. The category of predicativity is compulsory category of the sentence, ‘tis based on secondary categories: modality, personality, temporality. The category of modality describes the relation of its contents to reality. The action, state may be real or unreal. Shown by modals. Another meaning–relation between subject & predicate, either necessity or ability or advisability. Also degree of speaker’s knowledge, certainty about the contents of the utterance-modal verbs, words, adverbs. Temporality, from the point of view of category of tense each sentence belongs to the past, present, future tense. The benchmark is moment of speaking. May be found in two-member & one-member sentences. Personality shows the relation of the speaker to the subject of the sentence, sometimes they coincide: I got hot./There’re 3 aspects of the sentence: structural, semantic, pragmatic. Structural aspect includes the form of the sentence (affirmative, negative, interrogative, imperative) & the structure proper(two-member, one-member, simple, composite). Semantic aspect deals with the generalized meaning of the sentence on the whole (proposition) & its main & secondary parts. The subject is the doer of the action or bearer of the sign. The predicate-action, state, process. Attribute-quality or quantity, object-the goal of the action, adv. modifier-qualitative characteristic of the action, state. Pragmatic aspect characterizes the sentence as unit of speech communication. From this point of view sentences may be divided: statements, questions, orders, requests, promises, wishes. The sentences are called utterances & usually are produced by the speaker, directed on listener are called communicative utterances, they constitute the major group. Non-communicative utterances-minor group, aren’t directed on listener, give some characteristic of the situation, express emotions. Oh, my god!
31. Different approaches to the study of sentences (traditional analysis, distributional analysis, transformational, oppositional analysis, ic-analysis)
Traditional approach includes division of sentences into simple & composite (complex, compound, but there may be 2 intermediate types-complex-compound: I know that Frank studies French & Gerry studies German. compound-complex my friend, who came to see me, was watching TV and I was making coffee). From point of view of this approach each sentence is divided in principle parts (subject, predicate) & secondary (attributes, objects, adv. modifiers). communicative types: declarative (affirmative, negative), interrogative, imperative. Also can be characterized from structural point of view: two-member & one-member, extended, unextended. Distributional analysis, its goal is to study the units of the language in relation to their textual environment, which may be either left-hand or right-hand. The distribution of any unit in the sentence may be defined as the total of its environments. Distributional analysis may be done on the lexemic & phrasemic levels. I got to take care of myself.-got opens one syntactic valence for I(subject)& other for to take care.’tis the finite part of the compound verbal aspect predicate. Transformational analysis, its aim is to establish the syntactic paradigm of the sentence that is to find the base pattern otherwise called kernel sentence, structure & their transforms. If we take interrogative sentence, it may be described as transformationally produced from a statement which is base pattern. Is the weather fine today?→the weather is fine today. Negative sentences are regarded as transforms of affirmative sentences. All complex structures may be presented as derived from one or more simple sentences. I saw him come in.→I saw him.& he came in./Oppositional analysis helps to determine grammatical forms & paradigms of the constituent parts of the sentence. Danny lit a cigarette. VS Danny lights a cigarette. (tense) VS …was lighting… (aspect). IC-analysis is based on group parsing(division) that is dividing the whole of the sentence into 2 groups: gr. Of subject & predicate which in turn are divided into their subgroups according to the successive subordinate order.