- •1. Language and speech, their levels
- •2. Morpheme, its definition and classifications. Allomorphs
- •3. Word forms and its types
- •4. Grammatical meaning
- •5. Grammatical category
- •6. Definition of the noun
- •7. Classes of nouns
- •8. The category of number. The system of opposemes of the category
- •9. Singularia tantum and Pluralia tantum
- •10. The system of opposemes of the category of case
- •11. Double nature of the category of case
- •12. Declinables and indeclinables
- •13. The problem of analytical cases in Modern English
- •14. The peculiarities of the “–‘s” morpheme
- •15. Relational meanings expressed by Genitive
- •16. General characteristics of the verb
- •17. Semantic classification of Verbs
- •18. The category of tense, its correlation with the objective category of time
- •19. The problem of «perfect" in English. Category of order. Meanings rendered by perfect forms
- •20. The category of aspect. Aspect & manner of action. Neutralization of continuous forms
- •21. The category of voice. Morphologo-syntactic nature of the voice category. Number and kinds of voices in me. The problem of reflexive, reciprocal and middle voices
- •22. Syntax as a part of grammar
- •23. Basic syntactic notions: syntactic unit, syntactic form, syntactic meaning, syntactic function, syntactic relations, syntactic position, syntactic valence
- •26. Classification of subordinate word-combinations according to their heads
- •24. Phrases (word-combinations), syntactic constructions (complexes), clauses, sentences, texts as units of syntax
- •25. Syntagmatic relations in syntax. Syntactic relations & syntactic connections
- •27. Predicative word-combinations. Primary and secondary predication. Infinitival, participial and gerundial construction, their function in the sentence
- •28. Nexus and its types
- •29. Syntactic processes of extension, expansion, replacement, representation, complication, substitution and ellipsis
- •30. Sentence, its categories and aspects
- •31. Different approaches to the study of sentences (traditional analysis, distributional analysis, transformational, oppositional analysis, ic-analysis)
- •32. Communicative classification of sentences
- •33. Functional sentence perspective (actual division of the sentence)
28. Nexus and its types
Nexus is very much the same as a predicative phrase. This term was suggested by Danish linguist Otto Jespersen. He proposed it for every predicative word-combination, no matter by what grammatical means it’s realized. He distinguished between junction – which isn’t a predicative group of words reading man, & the nexus man reads. Using this term we may say that there may be primary & secondary nexus: I saw (primary predication) him go (secondary). There is more specific kind of nexus: nexus of deprecation in which the connection between the members of an ordinary affirmative sentence is brushed aside by intonation which is the same as in questions often in exaggerated form. we surrender? (high-rise) never! (high-fall) this type of nexus is also represented in the interrogative form of exclamatory sentences which makes them most colorful & expressive: you - I said - a favourite with Mr. Rochester, you gifted with a power of pleasing him?( high-rise)
29. Syntactic processes of extension, expansion, replacement, representation, complication, substitution and ellipsis
Syntactic processes are those which serve to make an unexpanded simple sentence that is a monopredicative sentence formed only by obligatory notional parts into expanded simple sentence which includes some optional parts. The main syntactic processes are extension, expansion, replacement, representation, complication, substitution and ellipsis. Extension is a modification of one member of the sentence by another standing in the subordinate position to the former. he was given a red carpet welcome. All kinds of attributes, modifiers is extension. Expansion consists in addition of the same parts of the sentence to existing ones. It is not obligatory from point of view of the sentence structure. Any part of the sentence can undergo expansion. I waited & waited. Nice, nice old woman. He told me everything – his love, his hope, his despair. He pushed me suddenly & with energy. It produces homogeneous parts of the sentence. Replacement – rare, only predicate can be replaced, double-predicate. He lay awake for a long time. = he was lying & didn’t sleep for a long time. Representation is the use of a part of some syntactic unit for the whole of this unit. Capable of performing the function of representative are: auxiliaries – you have told lies again.-but I haven’t. links – are you tired&- I am. Modals – can you speak English? - I can. Infinitive or particle to- I couldn’t find him though I tried to. Complication is a change of a syntactic unit structure (a member of a sentence) from a simple one into complex or compound one. Different parts of the sentence may be complicated: they drive in the country every weekend. They are likely to drive… they are said to drive…(predicate is complicated) he pushed the door. He pushed the door open. (object) Compound & complex structures are result of complication. Substitution is the use of words with generalized structural meaning instead of those with concrete meaning mentioned earlier in the text. This function can be performed by word substitutes. I didn’t like the movie. Neither did I. I haven’t applied for study but I’m going to do so. Ellipsis is making some element of the construction implied on the basis of its obligatory combinability. This element can always be easily reconstructed from the context. You look so tired.-I am a little. I don’t like sushi.-me neither.