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- •Normalization of the harmful substances, disposal with sewage.
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- •Normalization of the harmful substances, disposal with sewage.
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- •Normalization of the harmful substances, disposal with sewage.
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- •Global Warming
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Neutralism and Mutualism (biology)
Alive organisms are definitely connected to each other.
Types of relations between organisms. Influence of one species on another can be positive, negative and neutral. Thus different combinations of types of influence are possible. There are neutralism, mutualism, commensalism, predatoriness, parasitism, a competition, amensalism.
Neutralism is a cohabitation of two species in one territory, not having for them neither positive, nor negative consequences. For example, squirrel and elks do not affect to each other.
Mutualism (biology), symbiotic interaction between different species that is mutually beneficial.
For example, there are herbivorous hoofed animals and cellulosedestructive bacteria. Cellulosedestructive bacteria live in a stomach and intestines of herbivorous hoofed animals. They produce the enzymes splitting cellulose. Therefore they are necessary to herbivorous animals, which don*t have such enzymes. Herbivorous hoofed animals give to bacteria nutrients and an inhabitancy with optimum temperature, humidity, etc.
Mechanical and physical and chemical methods of sewage treatment.
The methods of sewage treatment
1 is installation of mechanical cleaning;
2 is installation of biochemical or physical and chemical cleaning;
3 is installation of tertiary treatment;
4 is installation on disinfection sewage;
5 is structures for sediment treatment;
I is noncleaned sewage;
II is cleaned sewage;
III is sediment or excess biomass;
IV is treated sediment.
Mechanical methods of sewage treatment are applied to extract insoluble mineral and organic impurities, the weighed particles in the size more than 5-10 mkm.
At first sewage are directed to the grating of purification structures to retain the large impurities, containing in them.
Sedimentation.
Rough mineral impurity and 90-95 % of floating oil products are retained in the sand traps, which are horizontal reservoirs, made from mass reinforced concrete. In the bottom of sand traps the clean-out pit is mounted, where the sediment is collected. To treat (clean) sewage containing more 100mg|l of no emulsifying hydrocarbons (oil, oil products), and also fine mineral impurities, it is possible to apply oil traps of the various designs.
Filtration. Emulsifying hydrocarbons and suspensions are removed by means of filtration on quartz sand, crush anthracite, quartz, a marble, a ceramic crumb, dolomite, polymer, etc.
Flotation.
Sewage treatment by flotation is to extract not dissolved impurities by means of finely dispersed air in sewage. Flotation installations are used to remove oil, oil products, and surface-active substances, solid particles, fiber materials from sewage.
Biochemical sewage treatment.
Biochemical cleaning is one of the basic methods of the deep sewage treatment, allowing removing from them the various organic and some inorganic compounds. During biochemical cleaning the dissolved organic substances are subjected to biological disentigration by means of microorganism in the presence of oxygen (aerobic process) or in its absence (anaerobic process).
Symbiosis and evolution
Types of relations between organisms. Influence of one species on another can be positive, negative and neutral. Thus different combinations of types of influence are possible. There are neutralism, mutualism, commensalism, predatoriness, parasitism, a competition, amensalism.
Symbiosis is close and often long-term interaction between two or more different biological species. In 1877, Bennett used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens. In 1879, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms."
Symbiosis and evolution
While historically, symbiosis has received less attention than other interactions such as predation or competition, it is increasingly recognized as an important selective force behind evolution, with many species having a long history of interdependent co-evolution.