- •РThe object, subject and tasks of stylistics. Stylistics in the system of sciences.
- •Initial notions of stylistics.
- •Basic notions of stylistics.
- •5. Graphic - phonetic stylistic devices.
- •6. Stylistic devices of using nouns.
- •7. Stylistic devices of using adjectives.
- •8. Stylistic devices of using pronouns.
- •9. Stylistic devices of using pronouns.
- •11. Stylistic devices of using verbs.
- •13. Criteria for stylistic differentiation of the English word-stock.
- •14. General characteristics of the words having lexico-stylistic paradigm. Stylistic classes of words.
- •15. Stylistic functions of literary words. The difference between historic and archaic words, lexical and stylistic neologisms.
- •16. Stylistic functions of conversational words.
- •17. Stylistic functions of words having no lexico-stylistic paradigm.
- •18. Stylistic functions of phraseology.
- •19. The notion of expressive means and stylistic devices on the syntactical level.
- •20. Expressive means based on the deliberate reduction of some elements
- •21. Expressive means based on the redundancy of some elements of the sentence structure.
- •22. Expressive means based on the violation of word order in the sentence structure.
- •23. Stylistic devices based on the interaction of syntactical constructions of several contact clauses or sentences.
- •24. Stylistic devices based on the interaction of types and forms of connection between clauses and sentences.
- •25. Stylistic devices based on the interaction of meaning of syntactic structure in the given context.
- •26. General characteristics of figures of substitution.
- •27. Figures of quantity.
- •28. Figures of quality.
- •29. Metaphorical group. Syntactical and semantic differences of metaphor and metonymy. Types of metaphor.
- •30. Metonymical group.
- •31. Irony.
- •40. Personality/impersonality of the text.
- •41. Aim at the reader.
- •42. The notion of aim and function. Pragmatic and linguistic aims of the speaker. Functions of the language system, speech activity, speech.
- •43. Stylistics of the language. The practical and poetic language. The oral and written types and forms of language. The utterance and the text.
- •44. Stylistics of speech activity. The notion of speech functional style. Factors which determine the choice of a style.
- •45. The problem of speech functional style classification.
- •46. Stylistics of speech. Types of texts. Genres of texts. Stylistics of individual speech.
- •49. Scientific style in Modern English.
- •50. Literary conversational style in Modern English.
- •51. Colloquial style in Modern English.
13. Criteria for stylistic differentiation of the English word-stock.
Stylistic classification of the vocabulary of any language is a very complicated problem. It can be made on the basis of different criteria: 1) the sphere of use and frequency of use of the word - accordingly, terms, poetic words, jargonisms, slangisms are singled out; 2) "age" of the word - accordingly, neologisms, archaic words and historisms are singled out; 3) the origin of the word - barbarisms, exotisms, foreign words and dialectisms are singled out. One can see that the above mentioned classification is based on different criteria which take into account common semantic and stylistic characteristics of words in the given period of time (synchronic approach). According to professor A.N. Morokhovsky, the stylistic classification of the vocabulary should be based on two common criteria. The two criteria used for this classification are as follows: 1) paradigmatic criterion, the absence or presence in the word semantics of the additional information (evaluative, emotive, or expressive meaning); 2) syntagmatic criterion, i.e. the character of syntagmatic relations between the lexical or lexical-stylistic meaning of the word and its context. We may divide all words of the English vocabulary into two major groups: 1) words having a lexico-stylistic paradigm-which are characterized by: a)an indirect reference to the object: fat cat (coll.) fe provider of money for political uses (neutral)—► denotate; enemy—► foe (poet.) b)subjective - evaluative connotations: steed (poet.) - positive; jade (coll.) -negative.
c)referential borders which are not strict: these words are of a qualifying character so they may be used to characterize different referents, that is they are characterised by polysemy; d)synonyms; e)possible antonyms. To this group we refer poetic diction; archaisms (archaic words); barbarisms and foreign words; stylistic neologisms; slangisms; colloquialisms; jargonisms (social and professional); dialectal words; vulgarisms. 2) words having no lexico-stylistic paradigm are characterized by: a) direct reference to the object; b)the absence of subjective evaluative connotations; c)strict referential borders, i.e. they are monosemantic; d)the lack of synonyms. Synonyms that they may have are purely denotative (absolute); e)the lack of antonyms. Here we refer stylistically neutral words; terms; nomenclature words; historical words; lexical neologisms; and exotic words.Words having a lexico-stylistic paradigm are not homogeneous. They may enter the following oppositions: a) colloquial vocabulary - bookish vocabulary; b) non-literary words - literary words; c) general literary vocabulary - social or dialectal elements - special vocabulary; d)contemporary vocabulary - archaic vocabulary.
14. General characteristics of the words having lexico-stylistic paradigm. Stylistic classes of words.
Lexical expressive means of the English language are words which do not only have denotative meaning but connotative as well. Depending on their connotative meaning such words fall into two major groups: literary (high-flown) words which are traditionally linked with poetic, bookish, or written speech and conversational (low-flown) words that are most often used in oral, colloquial speech. Literary words are more stable due to the traditions of the written type of speech. Conversational words are constantly changing. Within a period of time they can become high-flown or neutral, e.g. bet, mob, trip, fun, chap.