- •РThe object, subject and tasks of stylistics. Stylistics in the system of sciences.
- •Initial notions of stylistics.
- •Basic notions of stylistics.
- •5. Graphic - phonetic stylistic devices.
- •6. Stylistic devices of using nouns.
- •7. Stylistic devices of using adjectives.
- •8. Stylistic devices of using pronouns.
- •9. Stylistic devices of using pronouns.
- •11. Stylistic devices of using verbs.
- •13. Criteria for stylistic differentiation of the English word-stock.
- •14. General characteristics of the words having lexico-stylistic paradigm. Stylistic classes of words.
- •15. Stylistic functions of literary words. The difference between historic and archaic words, lexical and stylistic neologisms.
- •16. Stylistic functions of conversational words.
- •17. Stylistic functions of words having no lexico-stylistic paradigm.
- •18. Stylistic functions of phraseology.
- •19. The notion of expressive means and stylistic devices on the syntactical level.
- •20. Expressive means based on the deliberate reduction of some elements
- •21. Expressive means based on the redundancy of some elements of the sentence structure.
- •22. Expressive means based on the violation of word order in the sentence structure.
- •23. Stylistic devices based on the interaction of syntactical constructions of several contact clauses or sentences.
- •24. Stylistic devices based on the interaction of types and forms of connection between clauses and sentences.
- •25. Stylistic devices based on the interaction of meaning of syntactic structure in the given context.
- •26. General characteristics of figures of substitution.
- •27. Figures of quantity.
- •28. Figures of quality.
- •29. Metaphorical group. Syntactical and semantic differences of metaphor and metonymy. Types of metaphor.
- •30. Metonymical group.
- •31. Irony.
- •40. Personality/impersonality of the text.
- •41. Aim at the reader.
- •42. The notion of aim and function. Pragmatic and linguistic aims of the speaker. Functions of the language system, speech activity, speech.
- •43. Stylistics of the language. The practical and poetic language. The oral and written types and forms of language. The utterance and the text.
- •44. Stylistics of speech activity. The notion of speech functional style. Factors which determine the choice of a style.
- •45. The problem of speech functional style classification.
- •46. Stylistics of speech. Types of texts. Genres of texts. Stylistics of individual speech.
- •49. Scientific style in Modern English.
- •50. Literary conversational style in Modern English.
- •51. Colloquial style in Modern English.
11. Stylistic devices of using verbs.
The stylistic potential of the verb finds its obvious manifestations in the use of aspect, tense, voice, and mood forms. Verb aspect forms have a lot of synonyms which allow diverse synonymous substitutions. Present, Past and Future Continuous forms, being more emotional than indefinite ones, are frequently used instead of the latter to emphasize the emotional tension of the utterance or to impart politeness to it.The interchange of verb tense forms in the narrative makes the events, actions and situations described more vivid. Passive constructions which might have a greater emotional charge than active ones, because of their implicit agent, can make a literary text more expressive. The category of mood, due to its modality, the expression of the speaker's attitude to the events and phenomena described, also enjoys a great stylistic potential. While considering the stylistic usage of the imperative mood, it is important to take into account: social factors (age, social status, educational background) and different attitudional overtones (categoric, pressing, mild, ironical). These shades of meaning are chiefly rendered by means of intonation, but they can be also stressed by syntax (please, kindly, will you?). Imperative mood forms in a literary text, are used to create an illusion of the author's or the narrator's immediate contact with the reader. Such forms are also frequent in the publicistic, oratorical, and newspaper texts. Semantics of the subjunctive mood forms which express wish, supposition, possibility, and unreality predetermine the use of these forms in all the styles of Modern English. In the publicistic style do is preferred to the analytical form with should which is regarded as more formal. Subjunctive emotional evaluation may be also conveyed by means of the "emotional should' or the "would + infinitive" construction, which expresses supposition or the repetition of actions, e.g. "Why should I be ashamed of myself-asked Gabriel" (J. Jovee).
12. Stylistic differentiation of the modern English word-stock. Types of stylistic meaning.
The word-stock of a language may be represented as a definite system in which different aspects of words may be singled out as interdependent. Every notional word of a natural language carries some definite information. This information may be basic or denotative and additional or connotative. The majority of words of the English language posses denotative information only. So, they are stylistically neutral: man, house, to run, red etc. A word in fiction acquires new qualities depending on its position, distribution, etc. Practically any word, depending on its context, may acquire certain connotations. In the English language there are many words which possess not only basic information but additional information as well. The additional information or connotative meaning may be of four types:
a)functional - stylistic meaning which is the result of the constant usage of the word in definite speech spheres or situations: foe, maiden, realm are mostly used in poetry; terms and nomenclature words are used in scientific prose style and in official documents;
b)evaluative meaning which bears reference to things, phenomena, or ideas through the evaluation of the denotate: out-of-date-method, time-tested method; firm, obstinate -pig-headed; do- not- touch- me- attitude.
c)emotive meaning which expresses the speaker's emotional attitude to the denotate (chit, puppet, jade). Neutral words that name emotions like anger, pleasure, and pain should be distinguished from the above mentioned emotionally coloured words;
d)expressive meaning which does not refer directly to things or phenomena of the objective reality, but to the feelings and emotions of the speaker. It is based on the metaphoric transfer (speaking of a man: log, cockerel, bully, brick).
A significant part of stylistically marked words contains mixed components of connotative meanings which testifies to their correlation and interdependence. The difference between the emotive and the expressive meaning can be distinguished through the speaker's intention: emotiveness is a quality of speech that is stipulated by the psychic condition of the speaker; whereas expressiveness is a quality of speech, stipulated mainly by the speaker's intention to achieve a certain pragmatic aim - to influence the addressee's spiritual or physical condition. lexical meaning is basic, but stylistic meaning is additional: lexical meaning can exist without stylistic, whereas stylistic meaning cannot exist without lexical. Secondly, lexical meaning is explicit, whereas stylistic meaning is mainly implicit. Besides, stylistic meaning appears due to extralinguistic factors (social,cultural, aesthetic etc.), it totally depends on them, therefore it undergoes changes more often than lexical meaning. All types of connotative meanings are relatively set ones and can be extracted out of the context. There are no strict rules for distinguishing between functional-stylistic and other connotative meanings. Moreover, the functional-stylistic meaning which is connected with a certain sphere of communication may serve as a starting point for I the word acquiring other connotative meanings.