- •РThe object, subject and tasks of stylistics. Stylistics in the system of sciences.
- •Initial notions of stylistics.
- •Basic notions of stylistics.
- •5. Graphic - phonetic stylistic devices.
- •6. Stylistic devices of using nouns.
- •7. Stylistic devices of using adjectives.
- •8. Stylistic devices of using pronouns.
- •9. Stylistic devices of using pronouns.
- •11. Stylistic devices of using verbs.
- •13. Criteria for stylistic differentiation of the English word-stock.
- •14. General characteristics of the words having lexico-stylistic paradigm. Stylistic classes of words.
- •15. Stylistic functions of literary words. The difference between historic and archaic words, lexical and stylistic neologisms.
- •16. Stylistic functions of conversational words.
- •17. Stylistic functions of words having no lexico-stylistic paradigm.
- •18. Stylistic functions of phraseology.
- •19. The notion of expressive means and stylistic devices on the syntactical level.
- •20. Expressive means based on the deliberate reduction of some elements
- •21. Expressive means based on the redundancy of some elements of the sentence structure.
- •22. Expressive means based on the violation of word order in the sentence structure.
- •23. Stylistic devices based on the interaction of syntactical constructions of several contact clauses or sentences.
- •24. Stylistic devices based on the interaction of types and forms of connection between clauses and sentences.
- •25. Stylistic devices based on the interaction of meaning of syntactic structure in the given context.
- •26. General characteristics of figures of substitution.
- •27. Figures of quantity.
- •28. Figures of quality.
- •29. Metaphorical group. Syntactical and semantic differences of metaphor and metonymy. Types of metaphor.
- •30. Metonymical group.
- •31. Irony.
- •40. Personality/impersonality of the text.
- •41. Aim at the reader.
- •42. The notion of aim and function. Pragmatic and linguistic aims of the speaker. Functions of the language system, speech activity, speech.
- •43. Stylistics of the language. The practical and poetic language. The oral and written types and forms of language. The utterance and the text.
- •44. Stylistics of speech activity. The notion of speech functional style. Factors which determine the choice of a style.
- •45. The problem of speech functional style classification.
- •46. Stylistics of speech. Types of texts. Genres of texts. Stylistics of individual speech.
- •49. Scientific style in Modern English.
- •50. Literary conversational style in Modern English.
- •51. Colloquial style in Modern English.
7. Stylistic devices of using adjectives.
The invariant grammatical meaning of the noun, that of substance is realized through grammatical categories of number, case, definiteness/indefiniteness which can be used for stylistic purposes. Such SD may be based on
a) repeating the same words in a syntactical construction, e.g. women are women, b) using metaphorically nouns which belong to different lexico-grammatical classes, e.g. Women are funny creatures Or: Philips was the key to the problem
In the opposition of singular - plural the latter is a marked member, and, accordingly, the possibilities of its stylistic use are greater. Nevertheless, singular forms can also acquire stylistic meaning, e.g. to shoot duck, to hunt pig. The formant V as the marker of the category of possessiveness constantly widens the sphere of its usage and its combinability. It frequently combines with unanimated and abstract nouns, e.g. kitchen's work, the plan's failure. Sometimes it refers to a word group or a sentence, e.g. The blonde I had been dancing with's name was Bernice Crabs or Krebs
8. Stylistic devices of using pronouns.
In contrast with nouns, adjectives have only one grammatical category, that of comparison. The violation of morphemic combinability in adjectives which express different degrees of comparison are typical of advertising techniques, e.g. the most Italian car; the pleasingest gin. The meaning of comparison can be also expressed lexically through equonisms, e.g. senior -junior, and adjectives with the - ish suffix, e.g. mannish, womanish, which are occasional words which sound less categoric.
9. Stylistic devices of using pronouns.
Pronouns in contrast with nouns and adjectives are rarely used stylistically, which makes their stylistic usage especially expressive.
Pronouns may acquire stylistic value if they denote persons or objects that have not been named or introduced but are still represented as familiar. This device, in media res plunges the reader into the midst of events, making the author's narrative more intimate .The character in E. Hemingway's story "A Very Short Story" is called only "he", the author presents him as the one who is already well known to the reader. A particular stylistic effect may be created due to the usage of archaic (thee, thou, thy) or low colloquial forms of pronouns. While archaic forms make the speech sound official, solemn or poetical, low colloquial forms usually render some speech characteristics. Pronouns can also undergo various contextual transpositions:
1) when we is used instead of I(we- I transposition):
Pluralis Auctoris ("editorial we "), when the author speaks on behalf of a certain group, party, or class: Certain articles in a newspaper appear in the rubric "We say"
Pluralis, Majestatis when we is used as a symbol of royal power;
Pluralis Modes tie, when we is used as a means of involving the reader or listener into the author's thoughts. It is typical of oral or written scientific prose;
d) when we is employed to impart to the utterance a jocular unceremonious colouring: "Back! So like him - clown that he was - with this; Here we are again!"
one —► I transposition which gives an utterance a more general, impersonal character: "Haven't you got any compassion for me?" "One can't pity anyone who amuses one as much as you do me," I answered (S. Maugham).
you I transposition which frequently occurs in reported speech and some descriptions: You_kept thinking and it was marvelous. Youy/ere equipped
4)he/ she —► I transposition that takes place when:
the speaker tells his/her life story as an onlooker
the speaker addresses himself/herself as an interlocutor;
the speaker overstresses his/her relevance;
the speaker laughs away what is said about him her by the others:
5) we you ("clinical we") transposition, which conveys a patronizing attitude of the senior/superior to the junior/inferior: "How do we feel?" It can also create a humorous effect: "We looks a deal charminer that we are then.”
10. Stylistic devices of using adverbs. Adverbs as one of the means of communicating in intensity may be:
stylistically neutral, typical of both written and oral speech only {awfully, terribly, exceedingly, quite, too, utterly);
stylistically marked, typical of oral speech(awfully, terribly, dreadfully etc.) The latter are close to intensifying particles.
Formal differentiation of suffix and non-suffix adverbs in modern English is supported by their stylistic usage. The use of non-suffix adverbs is typical of the oral form of speech. In belles-lettres style they can become SD which impart greater vividness and expressiveness to the personage's speech. Both types of adverbs may be found in the publicistic style.