- •РThe object, subject and tasks of stylistics. Stylistics in the system of sciences.
- •Initial notions of stylistics.
- •Basic notions of stylistics.
- •5. Graphic - phonetic stylistic devices.
- •6. Stylistic devices of using nouns.
- •7. Stylistic devices of using adjectives.
- •8. Stylistic devices of using pronouns.
- •9. Stylistic devices of using pronouns.
- •11. Stylistic devices of using verbs.
- •13. Criteria for stylistic differentiation of the English word-stock.
- •14. General characteristics of the words having lexico-stylistic paradigm. Stylistic classes of words.
- •15. Stylistic functions of literary words. The difference between historic and archaic words, lexical and stylistic neologisms.
- •16. Stylistic functions of conversational words.
- •17. Stylistic functions of words having no lexico-stylistic paradigm.
- •18. Stylistic functions of phraseology.
- •19. The notion of expressive means and stylistic devices on the syntactical level.
- •20. Expressive means based on the deliberate reduction of some elements
- •21. Expressive means based on the redundancy of some elements of the sentence structure.
- •22. Expressive means based on the violation of word order in the sentence structure.
- •23. Stylistic devices based on the interaction of syntactical constructions of several contact clauses or sentences.
- •24. Stylistic devices based on the interaction of types and forms of connection between clauses and sentences.
- •25. Stylistic devices based on the interaction of meaning of syntactic structure in the given context.
- •26. General characteristics of figures of substitution.
- •27. Figures of quantity.
- •28. Figures of quality.
- •29. Metaphorical group. Syntactical and semantic differences of metaphor and metonymy. Types of metaphor.
- •30. Metonymical group.
- •31. Irony.
- •40. Personality/impersonality of the text.
- •41. Aim at the reader.
- •42. The notion of aim and function. Pragmatic and linguistic aims of the speaker. Functions of the language system, speech activity, speech.
- •43. Stylistics of the language. The practical and poetic language. The oral and written types and forms of language. The utterance and the text.
- •44. Stylistics of speech activity. The notion of speech functional style. Factors which determine the choice of a style.
- •45. The problem of speech functional style classification.
- •46. Stylistics of speech. Types of texts. Genres of texts. Stylistics of individual speech.
- •49. Scientific style in Modern English.
- •50. Literary conversational style in Modern English.
- •51. Colloquial style in Modern English.
6. Stylistic devices of using nouns.
The intentional violation of the graphical shape of a word (or word combination) used to reflect its authentic pronunciation is called graphon. Craphons, indicating irregularities or carelessness of pronunciation were occasionally introduced into English novels and journalism. Graphon proved to be an extremely concise but effective means of supplying information about the speaker's origin, social and educational background, physical or emotional condition, etc.
So, when Thackeray's characters impresses his listeners with the learned words pronouncing them as "sellybrated" (celebrated), "Eytalians" (Italians), "peepul" (people) - the reader obtains not only the vivid image and the social, cultural, educational characteristics of the personages, but also both Thackeray's and S. Lewis' sarcastic attitude to them.
"The b-b-b-b-bas-tud - he seen me c-c-c-c-coming" in R.P. Warren's Sugar Boy's speech or "You don't mean to thay that thhh ith your firth time" show the physical defects of the speakers - the stuttering of one and the lisping of the other.
Graphon, thus individualizing the character's speech, adds to his plausibility, vividness, memorability. At the same time, graphon is very good at conveying the atmosphere of authentic live communication, of the informality of the speech act. Some amalgamated forms, which are the result of strong assimilation, became cliches in contemporary prose dialogue: "gimme" (give me), "gonna" (going to), "gotta" (got to), "mighta" (might have).
Graphical means - are the system of the outer organisation of a text, that is ways of arrangement of elements and fragments of the text (paragraphs, headlines, subtitles) and other graphic devices that make the text visually expressive. All existing graphic means of punctuation do not adequately enough render all the intonations of a living speech. That is why in the emotive prose and poetry all kinds, of graphic means are extensively used to make up for lack of traditional means of orthography (spelling) and punctuation.To graphic means we refer spacing (out), the use of a different print (type-thick (bold) or small (large (or italic type), capitalized words, dots, changing of spelling of several words, the use of stress, the words written with hyphens. These devices serve to render the change in the mood of the character to show his emotional state at the moment of speech. Hyphens are used for showing strong excitement of the character. According to the frequency of usage, variability of functions, the first place among graphical means of foregrounding is occupied by italics. Besides italicizing words to add to their logical or emotive significance, separate syllables and morphemes may also be emphasized by italics. Intensity of speech (often in commands) is transmitted through the multiplication ("Alllllll aboarrrrrd", )of a grapheme or capitalization of the word("Help. Help. HELP."). Hyphenation of a word suggests the rhymed or clipped manner("grinning like a chim-pan-zee".)