- •РThe object, subject and tasks of stylistics. Stylistics in the system of sciences.
- •Initial notions of stylistics.
- •Basic notions of stylistics.
- •5. Graphic - phonetic stylistic devices.
- •6. Stylistic devices of using nouns.
- •7. Stylistic devices of using adjectives.
- •8. Stylistic devices of using pronouns.
- •9. Stylistic devices of using pronouns.
- •11. Stylistic devices of using verbs.
- •13. Criteria for stylistic differentiation of the English word-stock.
- •14. General characteristics of the words having lexico-stylistic paradigm. Stylistic classes of words.
- •15. Stylistic functions of literary words. The difference between historic and archaic words, lexical and stylistic neologisms.
- •16. Stylistic functions of conversational words.
- •17. Stylistic functions of words having no lexico-stylistic paradigm.
- •18. Stylistic functions of phraseology.
- •19. The notion of expressive means and stylistic devices on the syntactical level.
- •20. Expressive means based on the deliberate reduction of some elements
- •21. Expressive means based on the redundancy of some elements of the sentence structure.
- •22. Expressive means based on the violation of word order in the sentence structure.
- •23. Stylistic devices based on the interaction of syntactical constructions of several contact clauses or sentences.
- •24. Stylistic devices based on the interaction of types and forms of connection between clauses and sentences.
- •25. Stylistic devices based on the interaction of meaning of syntactic structure in the given context.
- •26. General characteristics of figures of substitution.
- •27. Figures of quantity.
- •28. Figures of quality.
- •29. Metaphorical group. Syntactical and semantic differences of metaphor and metonymy. Types of metaphor.
- •30. Metonymical group.
- •31. Irony.
- •40. Personality/impersonality of the text.
- •41. Aim at the reader.
- •42. The notion of aim and function. Pragmatic and linguistic aims of the speaker. Functions of the language system, speech activity, speech.
- •43. Stylistics of the language. The practical and poetic language. The oral and written types and forms of language. The utterance and the text.
- •44. Stylistics of speech activity. The notion of speech functional style. Factors which determine the choice of a style.
- •45. The problem of speech functional style classification.
- •46. Stylistics of speech. Types of texts. Genres of texts. Stylistics of individual speech.
- •49. Scientific style in Modern English.
- •50. Literary conversational style in Modern English.
- •51. Colloquial style in Modern English.
5. Graphic - phonetic stylistic devices.
Phoneme is the main unit of the phonological level. Its chief function is to differentiate meaningful units of the language. As no phoneme can be stylistically marked in relation to another one, there are no EM on the phonological level. However, the English language can be characterized by certain patterns of sound arrangement. The use of these patterns (combinations and alterations of sounds in their syntagmatic succession) alongside with other language means may create various stylistic effects which give rise to stylistic devices on the phonological level. There are three main modes of sound arrangement in instrumentation: alliteration; assonance; onomatopoeia. Sometimes euphony is added to this list. By tradition, euphony is understood as a harmonious sounding of the utterance. Alliteration is a phonetic stylistic device which consists in a deliberate reiterated repetition of the same consonant sounds and sound combinations. It is one of the most ancient SD of English poetry. In the poem "Those Evening Bells" by Thomas Moore alliteration is used to express feelings of the author, it contributes to creating a certain effect of the message. The repetition of the sounds [lz] and [m] renders the effect of the bell chiming, the beauty of music. Alliteration is also widely used in English folklore, in proverbs, sayings and set expressions, e.g. seldom seen, soon forgotten. Nowadays alliteration can be also found in book titles, e.g. Swan Song. It is most frequent in modern poetry. Assonance is a phonetic stylistic device which consists in a deliberate reiterated repetition of the same (or acoustically similar) vowels in close succession aimed at creating a specific sound and contential effect:
Onomatopoeia is a phonetic stylistic device which consists in deliberate reiterated repetition of sounds produced in nature (wind, sea, thunder), by people (sighing, laughter, patter of feet), by animals, by things, etc. and their combinations which, to a certain degree, imitates natural sounds. Onomatopoeia is basically the result of alliteration, e.g. Dreadful young creatures - squealing and squawking.
Rhyme - as a phonetic SD consists- in the repetition of identical or similar terminal sound combinations of words. In verse they are usually placed at the end of the corresponding lines. We distinguish between full rhymes and incomplete rhymes. The full rhyme presupposes identity of the vowel sound in the following consonant sounds in a stressed syllable, as in might, right, town, down.
Incomplete rhymes present a greater variety. They can be divided into two main groups: vowel rhymes and consonant rhymes. In vowel rhymes the vowels of the syllables in corresponding words are identical, but the consonants may be different, as in flesh -fresh -press. Consonant rhymes, on the contrary, show concordance in consonants and disparity in vowels, as in worth-forth; tale - tool - Trebl -troubk.
The rhymes may be arranged in: 1. couplets - when the last words of two successive lines arc rhymed. This is commonly marked aa
triple rhymes – aaa 3. cross rhymes – abab 4. .framing or ring rhymes – abba The expressive functions of rhyme is particularly felt when it occurs unexpectedly in ordinary speech or in prose. Rhythm exists in all spheres of human activity and assumes different forms whether it is musical, mechanical, or symmetrical, as in architecture. Rhythm is a phonetic SD consisting in regular periodicity of long/short stressed/unstressed, high/low segments of speech. It brings order into the utterance. Rhythm intensifies the emotion. It is based on the regular alteration of opposing units in verse. In prose rhythm rests on certain syntactical SD (enumeration, repetition, parallel constructions, etc.)