42. The notion of aim and function. Pragmatic and linguistic aims of the speaker. Functions of the language system, speech activity, speech.

Speech activity as any other human activity is predetermined and conditioned by human needs and aims. The aim of the reader is a certain conceivable (мыслимый, возможный) practical result which is considered as desirable. We should distinguish two aims: the intermediate aim – presupposes creation and application of means and ways of achieving the main aim. When these notions are applied to the components “the speaker»/”the writer» we distinguish the main aim which is of pragmatic nonlingual character and the intermediate aim which is of constructive lingual character. To achieve this aim the speaker should first set a constructive (lingual aim), constructing an utterance (a text) which is the most suitable for attaining the pragmatic aim in the concrete speech situation. Function is usually defined either as a relation of one element to another or as a role of an element in a system as well as a role of the system in wider environment. As modern linguistics distinguishes three areas of language phenomena, namely, language system (language), speech activity performance and speech material (speech), the notion of function has certain peculiarities when applied to each of these areas. These types should be distinguish: stylistics of language (communicative & cognitive function), of speech activity, of speech.

43. Stylistics of the language. The practical and poetic language. The oral and written types and forms of language. The utterance and the text.

Stylistics of the language covers all language means which are used for nomination and communication. As language is closely related to thinking, which may be logical and imaginative, at the very stages of its development it was divided into subsystems: the practical & poetic language. Each of them existed at the beginning only in the oral forms, much later the written form came into being. The written form of the language was used for specific purposes and became a type of language with its formal, structural and semantic peculiarities. It is known as a bookish type of language. The oral language also became a type of language with its formal, structural and semantic peculiarities. It is known as a conversational language. The main unit of a written language is a text, whereas that of oral type is the utterance. They differ in many aspects: substance (суть), functions and norms. Practical oral, practical written, poetic oral and poetic written subsystems can be defined as functional types of the language. They constitute the basis for the stylistic differentional of speech activity and speech.

44. Stylistics of speech activity. The notion of speech functional style. Factors which determine the choice of a style.

The notion of functional style is interpreted in stylistics differently. There are 2 main approaches to its definition, both originated from Vinogradov's conception: 1. Style is defined on the criterion of functional and socially accepted, functionally conditioned, internally organized system of the ways of usage, choice and combination of communicative verbal means which correlate with other similar system serving other aims, fulfilling other functions in speech practice of a nation. It is regarded as a system of language means by the similarity of their function or by the sphere of their usage. Any human activity(including speech activity) presupposes the choice of means or tools of such activity as well as devices or ways of using these means. As human activity presupposes EM & SD are functionally oriented. So if the function is a role of unit, styles is their property. We are to distinguish styles as the properties of speech activity from styles as the properties of speech. The FS is defined as a socially accepted stereotype of speech behavior closely connected with human social activity. These stereotypes are sets of norms & rules for generating utterances and texts together with the means and devices supplied by the language system for achieving various aims. A FS carries info about the speaker, social role he has assumed, his social status, his psychological state , his attitude to the listener , to the subject-matter of speech. Its meaningfulness is a result of the speaker's choice of a certain manner of speech behavior from the accepted stereotypes. The choice of a stereotype is conditioned by many factors, the main of which are as follows: 1. social roles (relations) of the communicants, which may be equal or non- equal 2. Social situations of communication, which may be formal and informal. 3. Pragmatic aims of the communication. These factors do not exclude the influence of a personal factor, the factor of the author's or the speaker's personality.