- •РThe object, subject and tasks of stylistics. Stylistics in the system of sciences.
- •Initial notions of stylistics.
- •Basic notions of stylistics.
- •5. Graphic - phonetic stylistic devices.
- •6. Stylistic devices of using nouns.
- •7. Stylistic devices of using adjectives.
- •8. Stylistic devices of using pronouns.
- •9. Stylistic devices of using pronouns.
- •11. Stylistic devices of using verbs.
- •13. Criteria for stylistic differentiation of the English word-stock.
- •14. General characteristics of the words having lexico-stylistic paradigm. Stylistic classes of words.
- •15. Stylistic functions of literary words. The difference between historic and archaic words, lexical and stylistic neologisms.
- •16. Stylistic functions of conversational words.
- •17. Stylistic functions of words having no lexico-stylistic paradigm.
- •18. Stylistic functions of phraseology.
- •19. The notion of expressive means and stylistic devices on the syntactical level.
- •20. Expressive means based on the deliberate reduction of some elements
- •21. Expressive means based on the redundancy of some elements of the sentence structure.
- •22. Expressive means based on the violation of word order in the sentence structure.
- •23. Stylistic devices based on the interaction of syntactical constructions of several contact clauses or sentences.
- •24. Stylistic devices based on the interaction of types and forms of connection between clauses and sentences.
- •25. Stylistic devices based on the interaction of meaning of syntactic structure in the given context.
- •26. General characteristics of figures of substitution.
- •27. Figures of quantity.
- •28. Figures of quality.
- •29. Metaphorical group. Syntactical and semantic differences of metaphor and metonymy. Types of metaphor.
- •30. Metonymical group.
- •31. Irony.
- •40. Personality/impersonality of the text.
- •41. Aim at the reader.
- •42. The notion of aim and function. Pragmatic and linguistic aims of the speaker. Functions of the language system, speech activity, speech.
- •43. Stylistics of the language. The practical and poetic language. The oral and written types and forms of language. The utterance and the text.
- •44. Stylistics of speech activity. The notion of speech functional style. Factors which determine the choice of a style.
- •45. The problem of speech functional style classification.
- •46. Stylistics of speech. Types of texts. Genres of texts. Stylistics of individual speech.
- •49. Scientific style in Modern English.
- •50. Literary conversational style in Modern English.
- •51. Colloquial style in Modern English.
40. Personality/impersonality of the text.
The notion of "author's image" is a great force that unites all stylistic expressive means and stylistic devices into one whole textual literary system. In this connection it is necessary to distinguish the following notions. The writer-is a real person who is outside the structure of the literary text. The author, or the writer's image emerges in the reader's consciousness as the one who created the literary text, who may be very far away from the real author. The writer and the author's image can never be identified as well as the object and its image cannot be identified. The author always takes some spatial ~ temporal and evaluative - ideological positions, which are expressed by types of narrative perspectives that he chooses. The author's narrative supplies the reader with direct information about the author's preferences and objections, beliefs and contradictions, i.e. serves the major source of shaping up the author's image. The uniting role of the author's image is manifested in the fact that separate parts of the text appear to be permeated with the united outlook that is expressed in the author's attitude to characters, to the character of the conflict and problems. The same factor determines the choice of compositional forms of the literary work: correlation of narration and description, monologue and dialogue, including in the text different digressions and so on.
41. Aim at the reader.
Aim at the reader, reflecting one of the aspects of anthropocentricity of the text, is the most significant general text category. This is because any belles-lettres text contains in itself the system of all links of the communicative chain, and the author takes into consideration the factor of the addressee when creating a literary text. The author orientates himself on a definite group of readers, which is characterized by age, social, national, idioethnic, temporal and other parameters.
Actualization of the addressee factor in the text is conditional by two different processes. On the one hand, every text is adapted to peculiarities of perception, understanding and concrete conditions of speech communication. On the other hand, the reader chooses "his" text on the basis of some "premodel" - prognosis about the content of the given belles-lettres text, based on the reader's individual experience. Such kind of comparison at first rests on characterrologacal indications of the text or the unity of outward indications of the belles-lettres text, with which the reader gets familiar before reading the text, because the author or the publishing house put them before or in the beginning of the text. To such indications we refer the name of the publishing house; the author's directions, the character of the author's pseudonym; the type of the title, the genre indication, ways of text division, the character of the initial paragraph and others. The choice and use of characterological properties of the text and other language and speech means, stylistic ones included, is made by the author with orientation on the reader's premodel or with orientation on its destruction. In the latter case the so-called effect of false expectation is created. And this is one of the manifestations of stylistical use of the category aim at the reader.