- •РThe object, subject and tasks of stylistics. Stylistics in the system of sciences.
- •Initial notions of stylistics.
- •Basic notions of stylistics.
- •5. Graphic - phonetic stylistic devices.
- •6. Stylistic devices of using nouns.
- •7. Stylistic devices of using adjectives.
- •8. Stylistic devices of using pronouns.
- •9. Stylistic devices of using pronouns.
- •11. Stylistic devices of using verbs.
- •13. Criteria for stylistic differentiation of the English word-stock.
- •14. General characteristics of the words having lexico-stylistic paradigm. Stylistic classes of words.
- •15. Stylistic functions of literary words. The difference between historic and archaic words, lexical and stylistic neologisms.
- •16. Stylistic functions of conversational words.
- •17. Stylistic functions of words having no lexico-stylistic paradigm.
- •18. Stylistic functions of phraseology.
- •19. The notion of expressive means and stylistic devices on the syntactical level.
- •20. Expressive means based on the deliberate reduction of some elements
- •21. Expressive means based on the redundancy of some elements of the sentence structure.
- •22. Expressive means based on the violation of word order in the sentence structure.
- •23. Stylistic devices based on the interaction of syntactical constructions of several contact clauses or sentences.
- •24. Stylistic devices based on the interaction of types and forms of connection between clauses and sentences.
- •25. Stylistic devices based on the interaction of meaning of syntactic structure in the given context.
- •26. General characteristics of figures of substitution.
- •27. Figures of quantity.
- •28. Figures of quality.
- •29. Metaphorical group. Syntactical and semantic differences of metaphor and metonymy. Types of metaphor.
- •30. Metonymical group.
- •31. Irony.
- •40. Personality/impersonality of the text.
- •41. Aim at the reader.
- •42. The notion of aim and function. Pragmatic and linguistic aims of the speaker. Functions of the language system, speech activity, speech.
- •43. Stylistics of the language. The practical and poetic language. The oral and written types and forms of language. The utterance and the text.
- •44. Stylistics of speech activity. The notion of speech functional style. Factors which determine the choice of a style.
- •45. The problem of speech functional style classification.
- •46. Stylistics of speech. Types of texts. Genres of texts. Stylistics of individual speech.
- •49. Scientific style in Modern English.
- •50. Literary conversational style in Modern English.
- •51. Colloquial style in Modern English.
26. General characteristics of figures of substitution.
Semasiology is a branch of linguistics which studies semantics or meaning of linguistic units belonging to different language levels. Semasiological EM are figures of substitution, i.e. different means of secondary nomination. The latter is based on the usage of existing words and word-combinations to denote new notions or to give a new name to the already known objects.
Secondary nomination is not completely arbitrary, it is carried out according to certain principles or rules. Most commonly the transfer of a name occurs:1)on the basis of similarity or likeness (real or imaginary) of two objects belonging to different areas of reality, which are regarded as such due to individual or collective perception (rat - spy, rabbit - coward);2)on the basis of contiguity or some logical (usually objective) relations or associations between different objects (chicken - food, hat - man in a hat). Figures of substitution are secondary nomination units which either exist in the language as a system or are formed in speech on the basis of recurrent patterns. Secondary nomination units or tropes stand in paradigmatic (synonymic, or rather homofunctional) relations to corresponding primary nomination units. They are marked members of stylistic oppositions because they have connotations additional stylistic meanings.
27. Figures of quantity.
Figures of quantity are figures of substitution which are based on the comparison of two different objects or phenomena having a common feature expressed with a certain degree of intensity. Hyperbole is a deliberate overstatement or exaggeration aimed at intensifying one of the features of the object in question. An overstatement may be considered hyperbole only when exaggeration is deliberate and both the speaker and the listener are aware of it. Hyperbole is mainly used to intensify physical qualities of objects or people: size, colour, quantity, age etc., e.g. Her family is one aunt about a thousand years old. Or: Calpurnia was all The use of hyperbole may show the overflow of emotions. Hyperbole in oral speech is often used to intensify a statement, e.g. She was a giant of a woman. Hyperbole, as any other semasiological EM, may become trite through frequent repetition: e.g. for ages, scared to death, I beg thousand pardons etc. When used in everyday speech trite hyperbole describes admiration, anger and other roused emotions, e.g. "/ have told you a thousand times"* "/ am scared to death", "I'll give the world to see him", "I am immensely obliged". In creative writing genuine hyperbole is mainly observed, it often interacts with expressive means and other stylistic devices - metaphor, personification, simile: She was a gigant of a woman. Her bulging figure was encased in a green crepe dress and her feet overflowed on red shoes. Meiosis is deliberate understatement of some feature of an object or phenomena with the aim of intensifying the expressiveness of speech. The features stressed are usually size, volume, distance, time etc. Meiosis is mainly used in expressive oral speech where it usually emphasizes the insignificance of an object, e.g. She wore a pink hat, the size of a button. A pretty penny, Tom Thumb etc. Litotes differs from meiosis by both its contents and structure. Litotes presents a statement in the form of negation. Like rhetoric questions, litotes can be regarded as the transposition of a syntactical construction. Litotes has a specific semantic and syntactic structure: the usage of not before a word with a negative prefix. E.g. Julia was not dissatisfied with herself; or: "Your answer is not bad' here litotes is used to express a reserved judgement.
This EM is used in oral speech to weaken positive characteristics of a thing or a person; to convey the speaker's doubts as to the exact value or significance of the object of speech, e.g. her face was not unpretty. In scientific prose litotes underlines carefulness of judgement or stresses the writer's uncertainty.