- •РThe object, subject and tasks of stylistics. Stylistics in the system of sciences.
- •Initial notions of stylistics.
- •Basic notions of stylistics.
- •5. Graphic - phonetic stylistic devices.
- •6. Stylistic devices of using nouns.
- •7. Stylistic devices of using adjectives.
- •8. Stylistic devices of using pronouns.
- •9. Stylistic devices of using pronouns.
- •11. Stylistic devices of using verbs.
- •13. Criteria for stylistic differentiation of the English word-stock.
- •14. General characteristics of the words having lexico-stylistic paradigm. Stylistic classes of words.
- •15. Stylistic functions of literary words. The difference between historic and archaic words, lexical and stylistic neologisms.
- •16. Stylistic functions of conversational words.
- •17. Stylistic functions of words having no lexico-stylistic paradigm.
- •18. Stylistic functions of phraseology.
- •19. The notion of expressive means and stylistic devices on the syntactical level.
- •20. Expressive means based on the deliberate reduction of some elements
- •21. Expressive means based on the redundancy of some elements of the sentence structure.
- •22. Expressive means based on the violation of word order in the sentence structure.
- •23. Stylistic devices based on the interaction of syntactical constructions of several contact clauses or sentences.
- •24. Stylistic devices based on the interaction of types and forms of connection between clauses and sentences.
- •25. Stylistic devices based on the interaction of meaning of syntactic structure in the given context.
- •26. General characteristics of figures of substitution.
- •27. Figures of quantity.
- •28. Figures of quality.
- •29. Metaphorical group. Syntactical and semantic differences of metaphor and metonymy. Types of metaphor.
- •30. Metonymical group.
- •31. Irony.
- •40. Personality/impersonality of the text.
- •41. Aim at the reader.
- •42. The notion of aim and function. Pragmatic and linguistic aims of the speaker. Functions of the language system, speech activity, speech.
- •43. Stylistics of the language. The practical and poetic language. The oral and written types and forms of language. The utterance and the text.
- •44. Stylistics of speech activity. The notion of speech functional style. Factors which determine the choice of a style.
- •45. The problem of speech functional style classification.
- •46. Stylistics of speech. Types of texts. Genres of texts. Stylistics of individual speech.
- •49. Scientific style in Modern English.
- •50. Literary conversational style in Modern English.
- •51. Colloquial style in Modern English.
22. Expressive means based on the violation of word order in the sentence structure.
Inversion is the violation of the fixed word order within an English sentence. There are two major kinds of inversion:1)that one which results in the change of the grammatical meaning of a syntactic structure, e.g. grammatical inversion (exclamatory and interrogative sentences), and 2)that one which results in adding to a sentence an emotive and emphatic colouring, i.e. stylistic inversion, e.g. And the palm-trees I like them not (A.Christie).Inversion may be of two types:1)complete, i.e. comprising the principal parts of the sentence, e.g. From behind me came Andrew's voice (S. Chaplin);2)partial, Le. influencing the secondary parts of the sentence, e.g. Straight into the arms of the police they will go (A. Christie).
Separation or syntactical split is the splitting of a noun phrase by the attribute adjunct which is removed from the word it modifies. Stylistically, syntactical split is used to emphasize the phrase which was separated, e.g. He had never seen the truth before, about anything (R. Warren). Another example: She said I looked exactly like my mother Around the mouth. Or: A hawk, serene, flows in the narrowing circles above. (A. Christie)
Detachment is a separation of a secondary part of the sentence with the aim of emphasizing it, e.g. Formidable and ponderous, counsel for the defence arose (A. Christie). Or: And he slirred it with his pen - in vain. (A. Cronin)Detachment is to be regarded as a special kind of inversion, when some parts of the sentence are syntactically separated from its other members with which they are grammatically and logically connected.
23. Stylistic devices based on the interaction of syntactical constructions of several contact clauses or sentences.
To this group of syntactical stylistic devices we refer: parallelism, chiasmus, anaphora and epiphora. Parallelism is a repetition in close succession of the constructions formed by a similar syntactical pattern. Like inversion, parallelism may be complete and partial. Complete parallelism is observed when the syntactical pattern of the sentence that follows is completely similar to the preceding one, e.g. His door-bell didn 't ring. Parallelism is considered to be partial when either the beginning or the end of several neighbouring sentences are structurally similar, e.g. . want to see the Gorgensens together at home, / want to see Macawlay, and / want to see Studsy Burke Or: And everywhere were people. People going into gates and coming out of gates. People staggering and falling. People fighting and cursing. Parallelism is used in different styles of writing. When used in the belles-lettres style parallelism carries an emotive function and generates rhythm. This is exactly why parallelism is frequently used in poetical structures. Chiasmus (reversed parallelism) is a kind of parallelism where the word order of the sentence or clause that follows becomes inverted, e.g. He sat and watched me, I sat and watched him.
The main stylistic function of chiasmus is to emphasize this or that part of the utterance, to break the rhythm and monotony of parallelism, e.g. Guild waited for me to say something, I waited for him. This device is especially effective to lay stress on the second part of the utterance, which is opposite in structure. Anaphora is a repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of successive
clauses or sentences, e.g. Ergo, she didn 't. Ergo, there never was such a bet. Ergo, Beresford was lying. Ergo, Beresford wanted to get hold of those chocolates for some reason other than he stated. Anaphora refers to means of the so-called poetic syntax: There is a pleasure in the pathless woods, There is a rapture on the lonely shore, There is society, where none intrudes, By the deep sea, and music in its roar. Anaphora contributes to creating a certain rhythm of the narrative and is a source of expressiveness in literary texts. Epiphora is the repetition of the final words or word-groups in succeeding sentences or clauses, e.g He ran away from the battle. He was an ordinary human being that didn't want to kill or be killed. So he ran away from battle. Epiphora as well as anaphora refers to stylistical resources of poetic syntax, it is used for rhythmical organization of poetic works.