- •РThe object, subject and tasks of stylistics. Stylistics in the system of sciences.
- •Initial notions of stylistics.
- •Basic notions of stylistics.
- •5. Graphic - phonetic stylistic devices.
- •6. Stylistic devices of using nouns.
- •7. Stylistic devices of using adjectives.
- •8. Stylistic devices of using pronouns.
- •9. Stylistic devices of using pronouns.
- •11. Stylistic devices of using verbs.
- •13. Criteria for stylistic differentiation of the English word-stock.
- •14. General characteristics of the words having lexico-stylistic paradigm. Stylistic classes of words.
- •15. Stylistic functions of literary words. The difference between historic and archaic words, lexical and stylistic neologisms.
- •16. Stylistic functions of conversational words.
- •17. Stylistic functions of words having no lexico-stylistic paradigm.
- •18. Stylistic functions of phraseology.
- •19. The notion of expressive means and stylistic devices on the syntactical level.
- •20. Expressive means based on the deliberate reduction of some elements
- •21. Expressive means based on the redundancy of some elements of the sentence structure.
- •22. Expressive means based on the violation of word order in the sentence structure.
- •23. Stylistic devices based on the interaction of syntactical constructions of several contact clauses or sentences.
- •24. Stylistic devices based on the interaction of types and forms of connection between clauses and sentences.
- •25. Stylistic devices based on the interaction of meaning of syntactic structure in the given context.
- •26. General characteristics of figures of substitution.
- •27. Figures of quantity.
- •28. Figures of quality.
- •29. Metaphorical group. Syntactical and semantic differences of metaphor and metonymy. Types of metaphor.
- •30. Metonymical group.
- •31. Irony.
- •40. Personality/impersonality of the text.
- •41. Aim at the reader.
- •42. The notion of aim and function. Pragmatic and linguistic aims of the speaker. Functions of the language system, speech activity, speech.
- •43. Stylistics of the language. The practical and poetic language. The oral and written types and forms of language. The utterance and the text.
- •44. Stylistics of speech activity. The notion of speech functional style. Factors which determine the choice of a style.
- •45. The problem of speech functional style classification.
- •46. Stylistics of speech. Types of texts. Genres of texts. Stylistics of individual speech.
- •49. Scientific style in Modern English.
- •50. Literary conversational style in Modern English.
- •51. Colloquial style in Modern English.
21. Expressive means based on the redundancy of some elements of the sentence structure.
Repetition is a reiteration of the same word or phrase to lay an emphatic stress on certain parts of the sentence. Various types of repetition can be found in fiction:
1) ordinary repetition, e.g. a repetition of a word in close succession, e.g. She talked, in fact, and talked (A. Berkeley)
2)framing or ring repetition, i.e. a repetition in which the opening word or phrase is repeated at the end of the sentence or a group of sentences, e.g. / cooled off where Frank was concerned; he didn'/ notice, but I cooled off(V. Pritchett);
3)anadiplosis or catch repetition i.e. a repetition of the last word in a sentence or clause at the beginning of the next one, e.g. Yes, but I was afraid, afraid I'd go to one who 'd tell Paul. I didnV know who to go to, who I could trust (D. Hammett);4)chain repetition, i.e. a combination of catch repetitions, e.g. A smile would come into Mr. Pickwick's face. The smile extended into laugh; the laugh into roar,the roar became general (Ch. Dickens). Enumeration is a repetition of homogenous parts of the sentence, aimed at emphasizing the whole utterance, e.g. / found buttlers, secondmen, chauffeurs, cooks, maidsf upstairs girls, downstairs girls, and a raft of miscellaneous flunkies -he had enough servants to run a hotel (D. Hammett).Syntactical tautology is a superfluous repetition of semantically identical words or phrases to lay stress on a certain part of the sentence e.g. She *s always one for a change, Gladdie is... (A. Christie). Polysyndeton is a repetition of conjunctions in close succession which are used to connect sentences, clauses, or words and make the utterance more rhythmical, e.g. She had herself a rich ruby look, for what with eating and drinking, and shouting and laughing and singing her face was crimson and almost steaming (J.Priestley). Emphatic constructions may intensify or contrast any part of the sentence, giving it an emotive charge. The emphatic construction with do is used as a predicate intensifier. The construction it is smb/ smth/who/that intensifies the subject; the construction it is then that makes prominent the adverbial modifier of manner. It is to that/smth there that brings to the foreground the object of the sentence, e.g. That evening it was Dave, who read to the boy$ their bed-time story (D. Carter); // was then that Poirot received a brief note from Sady Willard (A. Christie); / do know it! (D. Hammett). Parenthetical clauses are sentences or phrases inserted into a syntactical
structure without being grammatically connected with it. The functions of parenthesis are those of exemplification, deliberation, or reference. Parenthetical clauses may produce various stylistic effects:1.creating two layers of the narrative, e.g. He tried to shake Wynant down by threatening to shoot him, bomb his house. Kidnap his children, cut his wife's throat. I don't know what all-ifhe didn it come across (D. Hammett);2.emphasizing this or that fact, e.g. He laughed- not loud but in complete delight -' and stood up exclaiming: "Judith herself!" (D. Hammett);3.exemplifying certain points, e.g. The dog a shapeless monster in the night burled itself at the other side of the gate and barked terrifically (D. Hammett).