1. РThe object, subject and tasks of stylistics. Stylistics in the system of sciences.

The object of stylistics is human language which exist irrespective of human minds. The subject of stylistics is a means of realization of two main and five additional functions of language to achieve a certain pragmatic aim in a certain communicative situation. Functions of language (two main functions):

1.     Cognitive, reflective (we recognize reality with the help of reality); 2.     Communicative (the leading one);

Five additional functions:

1.     An emotive function, it means that with the help of language we rent our emotions; 2.     Voluntative function, it means that human beings can urge the addressee to action; 3.     An appellative function, it means that the addresser can draw the addressee the tension with the help of language; 4.     Contact establishing function, function of social etiquette; 5.     Aesthetic function, it means that the addresser can influence the aesthetic feelings of the addressee with the help of language.

There are two independent tasks of stylistics:

1.     Investigation of special language means which can help to achieve pragmatic aim; 2.     The analyses of certain types of text, which belong to certain functional style and to a certain individual style.

Stylistics borrowed a few notions from other sciences. Among them the notion of functions from Mathematics, the notion of information from Cybernetics. Stylistics is closely connected with linguistic, literature.

2. Initial notions of stylistics.

To methodological fundamentals of stylistics we refer Philosophy that asserts objective character of reality and the dialect method of cognition. This Philosophy asserts that human thinking not only reflect objective reality but it also creates this reality, it means that objective reality is created by means of language not only objectively but also subjectively.   

3. Basic notions of stylistics.

To initial notions of stylistics refer language, speech, speech activity, language and speech units, paradigmatics  and syntagmatics, opposition and contrast, marked and unmarked members of the opposition, invariant and variant, selection and combination. Language is a system of signs, the relations between them and rules of their usage. Elements of language are called invariants (they belong to abstract system). The process of converting the language system in the speech in accordance with fixed rules is called speech activity. Speech is materialization of language in communication. Speech elements are called variants, these variants have their own individual peculiarities. Paradigmatics is a set of multy-measured relations between language elements on one and the same level that are united in language on the basic of similarity. Notions of paradigmatics: opposition, selection, marked and unmarked members, formula or…or. Members of the paradigm are in opposition to each other, but they are brought together on the principle of similarity. There are marked members of the opposition. The relations between members of the paradigm can be expressed by the formula or…or.   Syntagmatics is a set of linear relations within language elements of a lower level between language elements of a higher level, they are united in speech on the principle of contiguity. Sets of such units are called a syntagm. One and the same idea can be expressed in contrast ways; on the other hand, the language elements are in contrast to one another. The relations between members of syntagm  can be expressed by the formula and…and. Notions of syntagmatics: contiguity, combination, contrast, formula and…and.

4. Stylistic phonetic devices. To the basic notions of stylistics refer style, context, image and imagery, synonymy, expressive means and stylistic devices, norm  Style is a product of individual choices, it is a quality of language, which communicates precisely emotions or thoughts, peculiar to the author. Individual style is a unique combination of language units, expressive means and stylistic devices peculiar to a given writer, which makes the writer’s work easily recognizable. Functional style can be defined as a system of phonetical, lexical syntactical, textual and other elements the unity of which is comprehended by people speaking this language, and is considered to be the best for achieving a certain pragmatic aim in a certain communicative situation. According to pr. Galperin there are 5 functional styles:

1.     Belles-lettres functional style; 2.     Publisistic functional style; 3.     News-paper functional style; 4.     Scientific functional style; 5.     The style of official documents.

This classification was made proceeding written types of speech. According to pr. Marakovskiy we distinguish:

1.    Publisistic functional style; 2.    Scientific functional style; 3.     The style of official documents; 4.    Literally conversational; 5.     Colloquial.

This classification was made proceeding also oral types of speech. Norm is a system of language rules and habits set up in the given society in the given period of time. Characteristics of norm:

1.     Norm is historically changeable. The appearance of norm is stipulated by extra – linguistic factors (social changes in the society, technological progress). 2.     The tendency is to simplify norm. An auxiliary verb “shall” is used now as model verb, which means threat, warning and promise. Context is the surrounding of speech unit in which certain qualities of this unit are manifested or displayed. Two types of context:

1.    Extra-linguistic context

(situational);

2.     Linguistic context (speech).

By situational context we understand that a certain utterance has the certain meaning only in a definite context that is in a definite situation but not in any other one. Linguistic context can be lexical, syntactical and mixed. Lexical context: e.g. Hands are wanted – нужны рабочие руки. Syntactical context: e.g. I will see you to your house – я проведу тебя до дома. Stylistics studies stylistical context. By stylistical context we understand the context which does not narrow the meaning of the speech unit but it widers it. A certain word in the stylistical context carries additional information. According to the volume the context can be devided:

1.     Micro-context (1-2 sentences); 2.     Macro-context (1-2 paragraphs); 3.     Mega-context (story, chapter).

The notions of image and imagery. In linguistic terns imagery is understood as a property of poetic speech to transmit not only logical but also sensually perceived information with the help of word images. The word image can be defined as the piece of speech which carries additional information, the meaning of which is not equal to the meaning of separate elements of this piece of speech. E.g. Don’t go around the Rouse bush – не ходи вокруг да около. The notion of synonymy. Stylistics studies synonyms-substitutes and   synonyms-specified. These synonyms are considered to be lexical (semathiological) stylistic devises. In stylistics synonyms are understood as different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike in meaning words. The notion of expressive means. By expressiveness we understand a kind of intensification of an utterance depending on the position o this utterance in a piece of speech. We can find expressiveness on every language level. At the phonetical level expressiveness is achieved with melody, tember, pitch of the voice and pausation. At the morpheme level it is achieved with the help of suffixes (unty). At the lexical level it is achieved with the help of evaluative words (emotive). At the syntactical level it is achieved with the help of inversion, emphatic, nominative, elliptical sentences. At the text level – the use of key words. The notions of stylistic devises.According to pr. Marakovskiy stylistic devises are created in speech due to sentegmatic  relations, which appear between stylistically marked  and unmarked speech units in the text. These are ways of combination of speech units of a lower level within  the unit of a higher level.