15

PLAN

Introduction

I The sentences in English and Ukrainian: common characteristic.

II. Typology of different types of complex sentences.

2.1Typology of the Complex Sentence with Nominal Clauses

2.2 Typological Features of Subject Clauses

2.3Typological Features of Attributive Clauses

Introduction

Researching  topic typology of complex sentences are still relevant and interesting for modern linguists. In this essay collected the most widespread information on this topic with examples.

Syntax rather difficult topic that contains a lot of information in our work we have tried to show frequently used forms and reveal just a few of the most interesting allomorphic and isomorphic features of the compared languages.

I The sentences in English and Ukrainian: common characteristic.

THE SENTENCE - Any coherent connection of words according to a definite syntactic pattern with some communicative purpose related to reality is considered to be a sentence. It is the main communicative language unit.

Features of the sentence

• Communicativeness - The sentence is aimed at rendering some information. Such information exchange proves the role of communication as one of sentence indicators.

• predicativity - Predication establishes a certain grammatical combination of words. Sentence semantics presents the unity of nominative and predicative aspects.

• modality is the ground for expressing the speaker’s attitude towards the content of an utterance.

According to the aim of communication sentences fall into:

• declarative,

• interrogative,

• imperative,

• exclamatory.

Interrogative sentences

Alternative questions are characterized in both languages by isomorphic features. The beginning of these sentences presents a general question (Is it a pen or a pencil? Ви любите кіно або театр?). Special questions are opened with an interrogative pronoun or adverb, which may be proceeded by prepositions, particles or interjections (What did you do yesterday? Що вона зробила?).

Allomorphic is the use of prepositions in the final position in English (What do you depend upon?). Rhetorical questions have a modal meaning, which does not contain any new information for a speaker. So they need no answers (Who should I blame? Невже ти цього не чув?).

Imperative sentences

They express demands, orders, commands, requests, warnings, prohibition, persuasion, etc. (Go to the classroom! Говори правду!).

Exclamatory sentences

They express exclamation (How wonderful it was! Як гарно!).

STRUCTURAL TYPES OF SENTENCES

• one-member sentences;

• two-member sentences.

ONE-MEMBER SENTENCES IN BOTH LANGUAGES

• nominative (Night. Measure for Measure. Темнота та тиша. Чудовий сон!);

• inducive (Go right now! Проходьте!);

• exclamatory (Great! Як гарно!);

• infinitival (To be or not to be? Що робити?);

• elliptical (Taking risks? Подумав?).

ONE-MEMBER SENTENCES IN UKRAINIAN

• indefinite personal, where the doer of an action is not identified (Нам подали на стіл обід). In English the predicate in the sentences conveying the same idea is expressed in the Passive Voice form (We were served coffee);

• generalized personal, where any person may be the doer of the action (Хліб сіль їж, а правду ріж. Працювали весь день). In the English equivalent sentences the subject may be expressed by one, we, you (One can enjoy the show. You can’t be happy about it);

TWO-MEMBER SENTENCES

• unextended

• extended

TWO-MEMBER SENTENCES

• simple

It has only one predicative link between the subject and the predicate (She is in the garden. Він сьогодні не пішов у гості).

• composite

It can have more than one link of such a kind. Hence, it contains two clauses

COMPOSITE SENTENCES

• compound

• complex

COMPOUND SENTENCES

If the links between clauses are coordinate, we deal with a compound sentence. Clauses may be joined by means of copulative and adversative conjunctions, or asyndetically in both languages (Вона не хотіла йти на концерт, але ми її умовили. He was very excited and his friends were excited as well). In English the causal conjunction for unites coordinate clauses (She came in time for we used to ask her about it not once).

COMPLEX SENTENCES

If one of the clauses in a composite sentence governs another one, they are linked subordinately. Such a sentence is called complex. Depending upon the function of a subordinate clause in the whole sentence, clauses fall into:

• subject (What was important for him was absolutely necessary for us. Хто чесно бореться, (той) завжди перемагає);

• predicative (She was as if frightened to death. Вона не така, щоб нічого не робити по дому);

• object (He knew that she was faithful to him. Я хотів, щоб у мене було більше вільного часу);

• attributive (The house, which was built not far from the town, was quite big. Оце та станція, на якій я зійшов минулого разу);

• adverbial clauses:

1. of place (He is happy to be at home where he can find his true friends. Вони пішли туди, де ми їх не чекали),

2. of time (When you are free, I am always busy. Я чекав на них, доки не пішов дощ),

3. manner (She cried as she was asked. Вітер замутив воду, аж осока зашуміла),

4. comparison (He looked as if he had been caught in a trap. Вона виглядає так, начебто вона отримала двійку),

5. condition (If you ask me, I’ll tell you all about this case. Якби все було добре, вона не поїхала б додому),

6. concession (She was happy, though we all knew her fault. Хоча вона й була сердитою, ми добре провели час),

7. purpose (I do it, so that you may be pleased. Ми зателефонуємо йому, щоб він не гаяв час),

8. cause (I am sorry, because you have failed to amuse me. Я розсердився, тому що ви не виконали свої обіцянки),

9. result or consequence (I sat down quickly so that you might be seen by many people. Повітря було настільки прозоре, що я бачив зорі),

10. attendant circumstances (I went down the street, my shoes were creaking) [only in English]. It corresponds to a compound sentence in Ukrainian (Я пішов по вулиці, а мої черевики скрипіли).

11. purpose (I do it, so that you may be pleased. Ми зателефонуємо йому, щоб він не гаяв час),

12. cause (I am sorry, because you have failed to amuse me. Я розсердився, тому що ви не виконали свої обіцянки),

13. result or consequence (I sat down quickly so that you might be seen by many people. Повітря було настільки прозоре, що я бачив зорі),

14. attendant circumstances (I went down the street, my shoes were creaking) [only in English]. It corresponds to a compound sentence in Ukrainian (Я пішов по вулиці, а мої черевики скрипіли).