Vu™,isjyn*j meet him tell him the trulli._ (conditior.)

2) one and the same meaning may be presented by different forms: / imist that he bring this plan into effect. I insist that he should bring this plan into effect.

The forms of the Oblique Moods expressing unreality:

1. the archaic synthetic form - be: If it be true.

Be it as you wish.

2. were: If I were young I should take advantage of it.

3. No -s in the 3^rd person singular, present tense: / suggest that he propose to you.

4. In ^idiiiAncii patterns: It is time she attended extra-curricular classes. In all these sentences there is no time reference at all.

The verbal category of voice shows the relation between the action and its enkj^t «nrKcating whether the action is performed by the subject or passes on to it: / accuse you of laziness. You were wrongly accused by me.

The opposition of Voice: active: :passive.

l йё тагкеа memoer: oe t V еа (en).

In colloquial speech: be = get, become. He got struck by a stone. She hticuirie admired by all

But we can't say "Gets she punished regularly?"

"Reflexive Voice": V + self-pronoun. / poured myself a cup of tea (Ukrainian:Він одягнувся сам.)

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"Middle Voice": The door opened. (Ukrainian: Двері відчинилися.).

There is no form marker of "middle" Voice. Logically it is very difficult to imagine that the door can perform any action, but the verb "opened" has the form of Active Voice. So we can distinguish only 2 voices in the English grammar: active and passive.

Active Voice: - the subject is the doer of the action: The boy opened the book.

Passive Voice: - the action passes on to the subject: The book was opened by the boy.

Passive Voice is extensively used in English, much more often than in Russian or Ukrainian.

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Lecture 7. Theme: Stylistics of English

Plan:

1. General notes on style and stylistics.

2. Expressive means and stylistic devices.

3. Stylistic classification of the English Vocabulary:

1. Neutral, common literary and common colloquial vocabulary;

1. special Literary vocabulary: 1 .Terms;

2.Poetic and highly literary words;

3.archaic words;

4.barbarisms and foreign words;

5.literary coinages (including nonce-words);

c) special colloquial vocabulary:

1. slang;

2. jargonisms

3. professionalisms

4. dialectal words

5. vulgar words

6. colloquial coinages

Recommended literature:

1. Galperin I.R. Stylistics. - M., 1971 - pp. 9-30, 62-118.

2. Гальперин И.Р. Очерки по стилистике английского языка. М., 1958.

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1. General notes on style and stylistics.

There is a confusion between the terms style and stylistics. In linguistics the word style is used so widely that it needs interpretation. The majority of linguists who deal with the subject of style agree that the term applies to the following fields of investigation: 1) the aesthetic function of language, 2) expressive means in language, 3) synonymous ways of rendering one and the same idea, 4) emotional colouring in language, 5) a system of special devices called stylistic devices, 6) the splitting of the literary language into separate subsystems called styles, 7) the interrelation between language and thought and 8) the individual manner of an author in making use of language.

A very popular notion among practical linguists, teachers of language, is that style is the technique of expression. In this sense style is generally defined as ability to write clearly, correctly and in a manner calculated to interest the reader.

The term style also signifies a literary genre. Thus we speak of classical style or the style of classicism; realistic style; the style of romanticism and so on.

Finally there is one more important application of the term style. We speak of the different styles of language.

A style of language is a system of interrelated language means which serves a definite aim in communication. Each style is recognized by the language community as an independent whole. The peculiar choice of language means is primarily dependent on the aim of the communication.

Thus we may distinguish the following styles within the English literary language: 1) the belles-lettres style, 2) the publicistic style, 3) the newspaper style, 4) the scientific prows style, 5) the style of official documents, and presumably some other.

Each style of language is characterized by a number of individual features. Each style can be subdivided into a number of substyles. Among the styles which have been more or less thoroughly investigated are the following:

a. The belles-lettres style. It falls into three varieties: a) poetry proper; b) emotive prose and c) drama.

b. The style that we have named publicistic comprises the following substyles: a) speeches (oratory); b) essays; c) articles in journals and newspapers.

с The newspaper style has also three varieties: a) newspaper headlines; b) brief news items and communiques and c) advertisements.

d. The scientific prose style has two main divisions: the prose style used in the humanitarian sciences, and that used in the exact sciences.

e. The style of official documents covers a wide range of varying material which, however, can be reduced to the following groups: a) language of commercial documents, b) language of diplomatic documents, c) language of legal documents, d) language of military documents.

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A line of demarcation must be drawn between literary stylistics and linguistic stylistics. It is necessary to bear in mind the constant interrelation between the two. Some linguists consider that the subject of linguistic stylistics is confined to the study of the effects of the message, i.e. its impact on the reader or listener. Stylistics in that case is confined to the study of expressions of thought.

The subject of stylistics can be outlined as the study of the nature, functions and structure of stylistic devices, on the one hand, and, on the other, the study of each style of language as classified above, i.e. its aim, its structure, its characteristic features and the effect it produces, as well as its interrelation with other styles of language.