- •Etymological survey of the English word-stock:
- •2. Word-formation in Modern English:
- •1. Etymological survey of the English word-stock Working Definitions of Principal Concepts.
- •Ukrainian-English lexical correlations
- •2. Word-formation in Modern English Working Definitions of Principal Concepts
- •Typical semantic relations within a converted pair
- •1. Etymological survey of the English word-stock:
- •2. Word-formation in Modern English:
- •Reading in Modern Lexicology: Хрестоматія з порівняльної лексикології. - Черкаси, 2002-160 с.
- •Мостовий m.I. Лексикологія англійської мови. - Харків, 1993. - с. 151-174.
- •Antonyms
- •1. Language and Speech
- •2. Linguistic levels
- •3. Practical and theoretical grammar
- •4. The features of an analytical language:
- •5. Morphology and Syntax.
- •6. Word.
- •7. Morpheme.
- •8. Different approaches to the classification of words
- •9. Scerba's classification of words.
- •10. Notional and functional parts of speech.
- •1. Language and Speech
- •2. Linguistic levels
- •3. Practical and theoretical grammar
- •4. The features of an analytical language:
- •5. Morphology and Syntax.
- •6. Word.
- •7. Morpheme.
- •8. Different approaches to the classification of words
- •9. Scerba's classification of words.
- •10. Notional and functional parts of speech.
- •1. Sentence: General
- •2. Actual division of the sentence.
- •3. Communicative types of sentences.
- •4. Simple sentence: constituent structure.
- •5. Composite sentence as a polypredicative construction.
- •6. Complex sentence.
- •7. Compound sentence.
- •9. Sentence in the text
- •1. Noun.
- •2. Verb.
- •Vu™,isjyn*j meet him tell him the trulli._ (conditior.)
- •1. General notes on style and stylistics.
- •2. Expressive means (em) and stylistic devices (sd)
- •3. Types of lexical meaning.
- •4. Stylistic classification of the English vocabulary.
- •1. Phonetic expressive means and stylistic devices Onomatopoeia
- •2. Interaction of different types of lexical meaning
- •Interjections and Exclamatory Words
- •4. Compositional patterns of syntactical arrangement:
4. The features of an analytical language:
few grammatical inflections (case, degrees of comparison, 3rd person, singular, Present Tense, ect);
a sparing use of sound alternations (foot-feet, get-got);
a wide use of prepositions to connect words, to denote relations between object (a man of wealth);
a prominent use of word order (rather fixed: S+Pr+DO+IO+Adv.Mod. "The woman accused the boy of stealing books from the library ").
An analytical form consists of two (or more) words but constitutes one sense unit. One element has lexical meaning, the other - grammatical meaning (/ shall exchange it: shall — 1st person, futurity, exchange — обмінювати).
5. Morphology and Syntax.
Morphology studies grammatical classes and groups of words, grammatical categories and the system of forms in which these categories actually exist.
Syntax studies phrases and sentences, the ways in which words may be combined and the relations between the words in combination.
6. Word.
The central element of morphology is word.
Word is a grammatical unit that has its form and meaning. Word is a minimal unit of language, that has its positional independence (Maslov); a minimum free form (Bloomfield); a minimal unit that is characterized by its ability to functioning, the largest unit of morpholody (Ivanova).
Word is a sign, a naming unit, a unit of information in the communication process, the articulate sound-symbol, the grammatically arranged combination of sound with meaning; is formed by morphemes, the uninterrupted string of morphemes, an indivisible elementary component of the lexicon of language, the
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elementary component of the sentence. Word is an autonomous unit of language, in which a particular meaning is associated with a particular sound complex and which is capable of a particular grammar employment and able to form a sentence by itself (Arnold).
7. Morpheme.
The constituent parts of the word are morphemes. Morpheme is a minimal meaningful unit of language without positional independence: un-law-ful (un - the negative prefix, law - the lexical meaning, ful - the adjectival suffix). Morpheme is a minimal lineal meaningful unit with its sound pattern (Smirnitzky). Morpheme is an association of a given meaning with a given sound pattern, a constituent part of a word (Arnold).
Morphemes are classified into roots and affixes. According to their porition affixes are divided into prefixes (im-polite) and suffixes (teach-er-s). According to their functional meaning the suffixes may be subdivided into derivational (acquit+tal) and functional or grammatical (judge+s). The lexical meaning is expressed by the stem (the part of the word without derivational and functional affixes). The stem also expresses the part of speech meaning (Soboleva): Friend — friends, friendly, friendship have the stem friend-.
Functional affixes convey grammatical meaning (build different forms of one and the same word, i.e. a paradigm of the word). Paradigm is the system of all grammatical forms characteristic of the word:
testify - ies - ied - ing;
lawyer - lawyers; nice - nicer - nicest.
"Zero" morpheme (Smirnitzky) or "zero exponent" (Maslov): стіл-, стол-а, стол-ом, стол-у; teach-er, teach-er-s.
As the word teacher may have the suffix -s in the plural form, Smirnitzky finds 3 morphemes in it (teach+er+zero morpheme). But there is no sound image, no graphical representation of the zero morpheme, it can't be separated from the word, the "meaningful absence of the morpheme" is derived from the context but the latter can't express the meaning of the "zero exponent". As there is no graphical representation, no sound image, no meaning of its own, we can't distinguish any "zero morpheme or exponent".