English Answers
1. Great Scientist
Aristotle
Aristotle is the Great philosopher who had a vast knowledge in different disciplines. Studying different subject he contributed a lot in each of those subjects. He contributed in physics, poetry, zoology, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, and biology. This laurel Greek philosopher was born in Stagira in 384 BC. His father Nicomachus was a physician to the king Amyntas III of Macedon’s court and it is believed that their ancestors also held this position. Earlier in his life he was taught by his father at home and the medical knowledge he got from his father led him to investigate natural phenomenon later on. At the age of 18 he admitted in to the young Greek aristocracy run by Plato, another Great Greek philosopher, and Aristotle became the most favorite student of Plato.
As a scientist Aristotle made a good contribution which was very influential for the development of the science over the year. Mainly he spent most of his life researching the natural science and he did the researches without making reference to the Mathematics which was later proven as the weakness of his research by the scientists. His natural science oriented research includes botany, zoology, physics, astronomy, chemistry, and meteorology, geometry and many more. He was also the teacher of the Great warrior Alexander the Great. This great philosopher died n 322 BC.
2. What would you like a foreigner to know about our country.
Almaty:
The city is situated in southeast Kazakhstan in a beautiful setting between mountains and plains. This largest city of the country boasts modern architecture, wide streets, cool fountains, parks and squares, spectacular mountain views particularly in spring and autumn. The city has plenty of business centers, theaters, museums, art galleries, exhibition halls and a wide selection of modern entertainment complexes that include movie theaters, casinos, nightclubs, parks, restaurants, cafes etc.
Medeo:
Drive just 15km above Almaty, you will find a picturesque valley, called Medea. It has one of the largest and unique speed skating rinks in the world, situated at 1,700m above sea level. The Olympic sized ice stadium of Medeo is the biggest ice stadium which can accommodate 32,000 spectators at a time. World’s top skaters come here to test their skills. The venue also has a mountain-water swimming pool located just below the ice rink.
Chimbulak:
Chimbulak is skiing resort in Almaty situated 2,230m above sea level. Skiers can reach the Talgar Pass (3,163m above sea level) and a 3,000m-long downhill piste by a cable car. Further, you can go for mountain climbing and hiking which offers some breathtaking views of Alpine routes
Charyn canyon:
An 80 km Canyon located on the Charyn River, Charyn Canyon is also popular as the “little brother of the Grand Canyon”. It is the second largest canyon in the world. One part of the Canyon is covered with unusual rock formations and is known as the Valley of Castles. The Canyon is engraved by the Charyn River into a flat barren steppe that stretches itself 175 km East of Almaty.
Svyato-Voznesensky Cathedral (Zenkov Cathedral of Holy Ascension):
Made of wood and constructed without nails, the Zenkov Cathedral is one of the bare Tzarist-era buildings to endure the 1911 earthquake. A unique wooden building of cathedral is a beautiful example of Orthodox Church architecture. The walls of this multi-domed church have been painted with sharp colours and the main chapel walls are covered with murals and gilt-edged icons.
Central Mosque:
Central Mosque is the biggest mosque in Kazakhstan. This blue turquoise dome mosque has become the central building of Islam in Almaty. It is built with the style of Central Asian Mosques and has 5 graceful minarets, all with blue domes. The famous Green Bazaar and Almaty's Arbat are located near it.
3. The Field of your Study.
Jurisprudence is the study and theory of law. Scholars in jurisprudence, also known as legal theorists (including legal philosophers and social theorists of law), hope to obtain a deeper understanding of the nature of law, of legal reasoning, legal systems and of legal institutions. Modern jurisprudence began in the 18th century and was focused on the first principles of the natural law, civil law, and the law of nations.[1] General jurisprudence can be broken into categories both by the type of question scholars seek to answer and by the theories of jurisprudence, or schools of thought, regarding how those questions are best answered. Contemporary philosophy of law, which deals with general jurisprudence, addresses problems in two rough groups:[2]
(1.) Problems internal to law and legal systems as such.
(2.) Problems of law as a particular social institution as it relates to the larger political and social situation in which it exists.
Answers to these questions come from four primary schools of thought in general jurisprudence:[2]
Natural law is the idea that there are rational objective limits to the power of legislative rulers. The foundations of law are accessible through human reason and it is from these laws of nature that human-created laws gain whatever force they have.[2]
Legal positivism, by contrast to natural law, holds that there is no necessary connection between law and morality and that the force of law comes from some basic social facts. Legal positivists differ on what those facts are.[3]
Legal realism is a third theory of jurisprudence which argues that the real world practice of law is what determines what law is; the law has the force that it does because of what legislators, judges, and executives do with it. Similar approaches have been developed in many different ways in sociology of law.
Critical legal studies is a younger theory of jurisprudence that has developed since the 1970s. It is primarily a negative thesis that holds that the law is largely contradictory, and can be best analyzed as an expression of the policy goals of the dominant social group.[4]
Also of note is the work of the contemporary Philosopher of Law Ronald Dworkin who has advocated a constructivist theory of jurisprudence that can be characterized as a middle path between natural law theories and positivist theories of general jurisprudence.[5]
A further relatively new field is known as therapeutic jurisprudence, concerned with the impact of legal processes on wellbeing and mental health.
The English term is based on the Latin word jurisprudentia: juris is the genitive form of jus meaning "law", and prudentia means "prudence" (also: discretion, foresight, forethought, circumspection; refers to the exercise of good judgment, common sense, and even caution, especially in the conduct of practical matters). The word is first attested in English in 1628,[6] at a time when the word prudence had the now obsolete meaning of "knowledge of or skill in a matter". The word may have come via the French jurisprudence, which is attested earlier.
4. Your Speciality.
Jurisprudence is the study and theory of law. Scholars in jurisprudence, also known as legal theorists (including legal philosophers and social theorists of law), hope to obtain a deeper understanding of the nature of law, of legal reasoning, legal systems and of legal institutions. Modern jurisprudence began in the 18th century and was focused on the first principles of the natural law, civil law, and the law of nations.[1] General jurisprudence can be broken into categories both by the type of question scholars seek to answer and by the theories of jurisprudence, or schools of thought, regarding how those questions are best answered. Contemporary philosophy of law, which deals with general jurisprudence, addresses problems in two rough groups:[2]
(1.) Problems internal to law and legal systems as such.
(2.) Problems of law as a particular social institution as it relates to the larger political and social situation in which it exists.
Answers to these questions come from four primary schools of thought in general jurisprudence:[2]
Natural law is the idea that there are rational objective limits to the power of legislative rulers. The foundations of law are accessible through human reason and it is from these laws of nature that human-created laws gain whatever force they have.[2]
Legal positivism, by contrast to natural law, holds that there is no necessary connection between law and morality and that the force of law comes from some basic social facts. Legal positivists differ on what those facts are.[3]
Legal realism is a third theory of jurisprudence which argues that the real world practice of law is what determines what law is; the law has the force that it does because of what legislators, judges, and executives do with it. Similar approaches have been developed in many different ways in sociology of law.
Critical legal studies is a younger theory of jurisprudence that has developed since the 1970s. It is primarily a negative thesis that holds that the law is largely contradictory, and can be best analyzed as an expression of the policy goals of the dominant social group.[4]
Also of note is the work of the contemporary Philosopher of Law Ronald Dworkin who has advocated a constructivist theory of jurisprudence that can be characterized as a middle path between natural law theories and positivist theories of general jurisprudence.[5]
A further relatively new field is known as therapeutic jurisprudence, concerned with the impact of legal processes on wellbeing and mental health.
The English term is based on the Latin word jurisprudentia: juris is the genitive form of jus meaning "law", and prudentia means "prudence" (also: discretion, foresight, forethought, circumspection; refers to the exercise of good judgment, common sense, and even caution, especially in the conduct of practical matters). The word is first attested in English in 1628,[6] at a time when the word prudence had the now obsolete meaning of "knowledge of or skill in a matter". The word may have come via the French jurisprudence, which is attested earlier.
5. Presentation of your Dissertation.
Надо рассказать в кратце о своей диссертации
6. The Area of your Research.
Рассказать о сферах ваших исследовании (по диссертации)
7. The Speciality you have chosen.
Ответ такой же как на 3-4 вопросы
8. The Scientist you Admire.
Ответ можно написать такой же как на 1 вопрос
9. The Court System of Kazakhstan.
udicial system of the Republic of Kazakhstan consists of the Supreme Court and local courts established in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan and Constitutional Law.
To local courts refer:
region and equal level courts (city court of the capital of the republic, city courts of republican level cities, specialized court – Military court of the Republic of Kazakhstan and others);
district and equal level courts (city, inter district, specialized court - military court of garrison and others).
In the Republic of Kazakhstan there can be created specialized courts (military, economic, administrative, juvenile and others).
Specialized courts (military, financial, economic, administrative, juvenile and others) can be set up in the Republic of Kazakhstan.
The unity of legal system of the Republic of Kazakhstan is provided by:
general and single principles of justice, established by the Constitution and the Constitution law, procedural and other laws;
implementation of legal power in single forms of legal proceedings, established by the laws;
applying of existing legislation of Kazakhstan by all courts;
legislative support of single status of judges;
оbligatory fulfillment of legal acts on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan;
financing of all courts only from the Republican budget.
The Supreme Court consists of the Chairman,chairmen of commissions and judges.
Total number of judges of the Supreme Court is established by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan on presentation of the Chairman of the Supreme Court.
The bodies of the Supreme Court are:
supervisory commission;
commission on civil cases;
commission on criminal cases;
plenary meeting of the court.
Under the Supreme Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan there was established the Committee on judicial administration, exercising functions of organization and technical maintenance of court activities. The Committee and its territory units -administrators of courts of oblasts, cities of Astana and Almaty, form an integrated system of bodies on maintenance of activities of local courts.
Supreme Court of Kazakhstan is a top judicial body for civil, criminal and other cases that supervises activities of courts and provides clarifications on matters of judicial practices.
Supreme Court structure: Supreme Court comprises Chairperson, chairpersons of collegiums, and judges. Chairperson, chairpersons of collegiums and judges of Supreme Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan are elected by Senate upon recommendation of President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Chairpersons of regional and similar courts, chairpersons of their collegiums and judges are appointed by President of the Republic upon recommendation of Supreme Judicial Board of the Republic.
The Supreme Court bodies are: Oversight Collegium, Collegium for Civil Cases, Collegium for Criminal Cases, Plenary Session of the Court.
10. The Political System of Kazakhstan.
Political system and government of Kazakhstan
Political system and government of Kazakhstan
According to the Constitution, adopted at the national referendum on August 30, 1995, the Republic of Kazakhstan is a unitary state with a presidential form of government, which has three independent branches: executive, legislative and judicial.
President
President is the head of the state, elected by a national popular vote. Presidential term is five years. Current President of the Republic of Kazakhstan is Nursultan Nazarbayev (since 1990).
Executive branch
Executive power is exercised by the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Composition of the Government is formed by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan in accordance with the Constitution.
Legislative branch
Legislative power is vested in the bicameral parliament. Parliament has two chambers: the Senate and the Majilis. The Senate consists of deputies: two persons from each province, city of national importance and the capital. The Majilis consists of 107 members. Member of the Parliament cannot be simultaneously a member of both chambers. The term of office of the Senate members is six years; the term of office of the Majilis members is five years.
Judicial branch
Judicial power is vested in the Constitutional Court and a system of local courts. Courts of the Republic are the Supreme Court of the Republic, local courts and other courts of the Republic, established by the legislation.
11. Crime Prevention.
Crime prevention is the attempt to reduce and deter crime and criminals. It is applied specifically to efforts made by governments to reduce crime, enforce the law, and maintain criminal justice.
Criminologists such as Gottfredson, McKenzie, Eck, Farrington, Sherman, Waller and others have been at the forefront of analyzing what works to prevent crime. Prestigious commissions and research bodies, such as the World Health Organization, United Nations, the United States National Research Council, the UK Audit Commission and so on, have analyzed their and others' research on what lowers rates of interpersonal crime.
They agree that governments must go beyond law enforcement and criminal justice to tackle the risk factors that cause crime because it is more cost effective and leads to greater social benefits than the standard ways of responding to crime. Interestingly, multiple opinion polls also confirm public support for investment in prevention. Waller uses these materials in Less Law, More Order to propose specific measures to reduce crime as well as a crime bill.
Some of the highlights of these authorities are set out below with some sources for further reading. The World Health Organization Guide (2004) complements the World Report on Violence and Health (2002) and the 2003 World Health Assembly Resolution 56-24 for governments to implement nine recommendations, which were:
Create, implement and monitor a national action plan for violence prevention.
Enhance capacity for collecting data on violence.
Define priorities for, and support research on, the causes, consequences, costs and prevention of violence.
Promote primary prevention responses.
Strengthen responses for victims of violence.
Integrate violence prevention into social and educational policies, and thereby promote gender and social equality.
Increase collaboration and exchange of information on violence prevention.
Promote and monitor adherence to international treaties, laws and other mechanisms to protect human rights.
Seek practical, internationally agreed responses to the global drugs and global arms trade.
The authoritative commissions agree on the Role of Municipalities, because they are best able to organize the strategies to tackle the risk factors that cause crime. The European Forum for Urban Safety and the United States Conference of Mayors have stressed that municipalities must target the programs to meet the needs of youth at risk and women who are vulnerable to violence.
To succeed, they need to establish a coalition of key agencies such as schools, job creation, social services, housing and law enforcement around a diagnosis.
12. Physical Effects of Drugs and Alcohol.
A. Absorption Alcohol is primarily absorbed through the stomach and the small intestines. It is considered a food because it has calories, but does not need to be digested and proceeds directly into the body through the digestive system. After ingestion it is carried through the blood stream and crosses the blood–brain barrier, at which time impairment begins. A greater amount of ingestion causes greater impairment to the brain, which, in turn, causes a person to have a greater degree of difficulty in functioning.
B. Metabolism/Elimination The majority of alcohol in the body is eliminated by the liver. Ninety percent is eliminated through the body, while ten percent is eliminated (unchanged) through sweat and urine. Before the liver can process alcohol, a threshold amount is needed and can occur at the rate of one 12 oz. can of beer, one 5 oz. glass of wine, or 1 1/2 oz. shot of whiskey per hour.
C. Brief Overview Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant. Alcohol is among the most abused drugs in our society. Alcohol can be as potent as many other illegal drugs. Alcohol can cause severe damage to a developing fetus. People often do not realize that they are becoming dependent on alcohol. D. Short-term Effects
Reduces sensitivity to pain. Affects vision in the following ways: narrows the visual field, reduces resistance to glare, interferes with the ability to differentiate intensities of light, and lessens sensitivity to colors. E. Long-term Effects
Damage to vital organs; including liver, heart and pancreas.
Linked to several medical conditions; including gastro intestinal problems, malnutrition, high blood pressure, and lower resistance to disease. Also linked to several types of cancer; including esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas and colon. F. Special Hazards Involving the Driving Task Specific elements to the hazards of alcohol use and driving are listed in a separate section of the curriculum. However, alcohol impairs one’s ability to drive or operate machinery safely.
G. Effects with Other Drugs
Alcohol produces a synergistic effect when taken with other central nervous system depressants. These include: sedative hypnotics, barbiturates, minor tranquilizers, narcotics, codeine, methadone, and some analgesics.
Alcohol can be additive in nature when taken with antipsychotic medications, antihistamines, solvents or motion sickness preparations. When used on a daily basis, in conjunction with aspirin, it may cause gastro intestinal bleeding. Also, when used with acetaminophen, an increase in liver damage could occur.
Drugs affect the various areas of the brain and change normal brain activity. It is important to know what specific functions are located in each of the major brain areas, to better understand the effects of drugs and alcohol on behavior and functioning.
A. Hypothalamus The hypothalamus regulates homeostasis, the body’s system for keeping itself balanced. This includes: sleep and wake cycles, hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, blood pressure, and temperature. Also, the hypothalamus determines what parts of the body are affected by analgesics and regulates hormonal impulses and emotions. B. Medulla The medulla is responsible for head balance, movement, and assisting the hypothalamus in regulating automatic body functions.
C. Cerebral Cortex The cerebral cortex contains half of the nervous system’s cells, which regulates the speed and vomiting reflexes. It is also responsible for language, abstract thinking, personality, and interpretation of emotion and sensory information, including judgment.
D. Cerebellum The cerebellum is responsible for coordination of muscles, maintenance of balance, and specific memory and learning system functions that are not to one part of the brain.
13. Legal Rights of a Detainee.
The detainees have the right to have a police officer tell them why they have been placed under arrest, this should have primarily been told while the detainee was being arrested. Detainees also have the right to have someone informed of their arrest. Once the following actions have occurred the detainee will a have the right to contact a lawyer or solicitor, in order to sit with them in during police investigative interviews. While waiting for their interview they have the right to request free independent legal advice. The detainee will also has the right to read the codes of practice about how the detainees are to be treated, numerous copies of these are held with the custody officer at the front desk.
The detainees have the right not to be held incommunicado because people have some rights to speak with the outside world. Within section seven of pace, code C, commonwealth or foreign nationals have the right to communicate with their high commission, embassy or consulate. Though, if the detainee is a political refugee, whether for reason of race nationality, political opinion or religion consular, police officers will not be informed of the arrest of their nationals or given access to information about them, except at the detainees express request.
Detainees have the right to eight hours rest, which is normally at night-time and refreshment breaks every two hours. Detainees who do not speak English have the right to an interpreters or for people who are deaf an interpreter will also be called upon. Drug tests can be taken on any detainee, the detainee has the right to be examined by a registered nurse or doctor and the detainee can request for their National Health Service staff card for proof of profession. The doctor or nurse must be of the same-sex as the detainee otherwise the examination cannot take place. The search and tests must not be done out of sight from any public or authoritative member who is meant to be present. The detainees have numerous rights which do not in any way affect them it terms of health and malnutrition compared to the rights, other detainees receive in other parts of the world.
14. JD Procedures – fingerprinting, identity.
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15. Interviewing Practice.
Рассказать про свою практику
16. Crime Scene Investigation.
Physical evidence has the potential to play a critical role in the overall investigation and resolution of a suspected criminal act. Realization of this potential depends on actions taken early in the criminal investigation at the crime scene. Developments in technology and improvements in the analysis and interpretation of physical evidence recovered from crime scenes will place even greater importance on properly documented and preserved evidence. An important factor influencing the ultimate legal significance of this scientific evidence is that investigators follow an objective, thorough, and thoughtful approach. The goal of this process is to recognize and preserve physical evidence that will yield
reliable information to aid in the investigation. Investigators should approach the crime scene investigation as if it will be their only opportunity to preserve and recover these physical clues. They should consider other case information or statements from wit- nesses or suspects carefully in their objective assessment of the scene. Investigations may change course a number of times during such an inquiry and physical clues, initially thought irrelevant, may become crucial to a successful resolution of the case. It is recognized that all crime scenes are unique. The judgment of the investigator on the scene, with the assistance of other responders, such as the prosecutor, should be given deference in the implementation of this guide. It is impossible to propose a single, step-by-step procedure to approach every type of situation. There are, however, fundamental
principles of investigating a crime scene and preserving evidence that should be practiced in every case. This document is not intended as a
comprehensive or rigid scheme of activities, but as a guide for law enforcement, while recognizing the authority of Federal and State
statutes, case law, and local policies and procedures.
17. Penalties and Punishment.
Capital punishment or the death penalty is a legal process whereby a person is put to death by the state as a punishment for a crime. The judicial decree that someone be punished in this manner is a death sentence, while the actual enforcement is an execution. Crimes that can result in a death penalty are known as capital crimes or capital offenses. The term capital originates from the Latin capitalis, literally "regarding the head" (referring to execution by beheading).[1]
Capital punishment has, in the past, been practiced by most societies, as a punishment for criminals, and political or religious dissidents. Historically, the carrying out of the death sentence was often accompanied by torture, and executions were most often public.[2]
Currently 58 nations actively practice capital punishment, 98 countries have abolished it de jure for all crimes, 7 have abolished it for ordinary crimes only (maintain it for special circumstances such as war crimes), and 35 have abolished it de facto (have not used it for at least ten years and/or are under moratorium).[3] Amnesty International considers most countries abolitionist; overall, the organisation considers 140 countries to be abolitionist in law or practice.[3] About 90% of all executions in the world take place in Asia.[4]
Nearly all countries in the world prohibit the execution of individuals who were under the age of 18 at the time of their crimes; since 2009, only Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan have carried out such executions.[5] Executions of this kind are prohibited under international law.[5]
Capital punishment is a matter of active controversy in various countries and states, and positions can vary within a single political ideology or cultural region. In the European Union member states, Article 2 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union prohibits the use of capital punishment.[6] The Council of Europe, which has 47 member states, also prohibits the use of the death penalty by its members.
The United Nations General Assembly has adopted, in 2007, 2008 and 2010, non-binding resolutions calling for a global moratorium on executions, with a view to eventual abolition.[7] Although many nations have abolished capital punishment, over 60% of the world's population live in countries where executions take place, such as the People's Republic of China, India, the United States of America and Indonesia, the four most-populous countries in the world, which continue to apply the death penalty (although in India, Indonesia and in many US states it is rarely employed). Each of these four nations voted against the General Assembly resolutions.
18. Interpol Notices.
An Interpol notice is an international alert used by police to communicate information about crimes, criminals and threats to their counterparts around the world. They are circulated by Interpol to all member states at the request of a member or an authorised international entity. The information disseminated via notices concerns individuals wanted for serious crimes, missing persons, unidentified bodies, possible threats, prison escapes and criminals’ modi operandi.[1]
There are seven types, color-coded by their function: red, blue, green, yellow, black, orange, and purple. The most well-known notice is the Red Notice which is "the closest instrument to an international arrest warrant in use today."[2][3]
Interpol publishes notices either on its own initiative, or based on requests from its member states' National Central Bureaus (NCBs) or authorised international entities such as the United Nations and the International Criminal Court. All notices are published on Interpol's secure website and extracts of notices may also be published on Interpol's public website if the requesting entity agrees.
Interpol can only publish a notice that adheres to all the proper legal conditions. For example, a notice will not be published if it violates Interpol's constitution, which forbids the organisation from undertaking activities of a political, military, religious or racial character. Interpol can refuse to publish a notice that it considers unadvisable or a potential risk.
19. Defining Organized Crime.
Organized crime, organised crime, and often criminal organizations are terms which categorise transnational, national, or local groupings of highly centralized enterprises run by criminals, who intend to engage in illegal activity, most commonly for monetary profit. Some criminal organizations, such as terrorist organizations, are politically motivated. Sometimes criminal organizations force people to do business with them, as when a gang extorts money from shopkeepers for so-called "protection".[1] Gangs may become disciplined enough to be considered organized. An organized gang or criminal set can also be referred to as a mob.[2]
Other organizations—including states, militaries, police forces, and corporations—may sometimes use organized crime methods to conduct their business, but their powers derive from their status as formal social institutions. There is a tendency to distinguish organized crime from other forms of crimes, such as, white-collar crime, financial crimes, political crimes, war crime, state crimes and treason. This distinction is not always apparent and the academic debate is ongoing.[3] For example, in failed states that can no longer perform basic functions such as education, security, or governance, usually due to fractious violence or extreme poverty, organised crime, governance and war are often complementary to each other. The term Parliamentary Mafiocracy is often attributed to democratic countries whose political, social and economic institutions are under the control of few families and business oligarchs.[4]
20. Organized Crime Groups.
Organized crime groups refer to gangs, societies, and conglomerations which operate illegally. While some organized crime groups are limited to one country, others have extensive international networks. Security agencies across the globe have been involved in efforts aimed at rooting out the organized crime groups. Despite such efforts, thousands of organized crime groups continue to thrive in numerous jurisdictions. Some of the most dangerous organized crime groups have a long history that is centuries old. Additionally, some organized crime groups are less than a century old but have developed elaborate networks across different jurisdictions. Some organized crime groups have also cooperated with terrorist groups in order to advance their activities and networks. These attributes exemplify the complex framework that characterizes most organized crime groups.
The Russian Mafia and the Chinese Triad are two outstanding organized crime groups. The former has over three hundred thousand members while the latter has a complex organizational system that enhances its operations. (Suzuki, 2009) The two organized crime groups are characterized by various similarities. For instance, both are greatly involved in drug trafficking and sex trade. These are illegal operations which are executed by the groups through their efficient global networks. Despite such similarities, the Russian Mafia and the Chinese Triad have numerous aspects that distinguish them. For instance, the Chinese Triad has extensive operations in Asia while the Russian Mafia is largely based in Europe and United States (Jamieson, 2001).Various theories apply strongly to the operation of these organized crime groups. The differential association and strain theory are two notable theories that connect with the two groups (Hoffman, 2003). These perspectives form the basis of analysis in this research. The analysis narrows down on comparing and contrasting between the two organized crime groups.
21. Human Trafficking.
Trafficking in Persons as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs.