Hierarchy of needs

Abraham Maslow, an American psychologist, advanced a the­ory of a hierarchy of needs. Maslow assumed that people seek to satisfy a variety of needs. He assumed that they can be arranged according to their importance in a sequence known as Maslow's hierarchy of needs or Maslow's pyramid of needs.

At the most basic level are physiological needs, the things we require to survive. These needs include food and water, cloth­ing, shelter, and sleep. In the employment context, these needs are usually satisfied through adequate wages.

At the next level are safety needs, the things we require for physical and emotional security. Safety needs may be satisfied through job security, health insurance, pension plans, and safe working conditions.

Next are the social needs, the human requirements for love and affection and a sense of belonging. To an extent, these needs can be satisfied through the work environment and the informal organization. But social relationships beyond the workplace - with family and friends, for example - are usually needed too.

At the level of esteem needs, we require respect and recog­nition (the esteem of others), as well as a sense of our own ac­complishment and worth (self-esteem), These needs may be sat­isfied through personal accomplishment, promotion to more re­sponsible jobs, various honors and awards, and other forms of rec­ognition.

At the uppermost level are self-realization needs, the needs of people to increase all their human potentials and capabilities. These are the most difficult needs to satisfy, and the means of satisfying them vary with the individual. For some people, learning a new skill, starting a new career, or becoming "the best" at some endeavor may be the way to satisfy the self-realization needs.

Maslow suggested that people work to satisfy their physiolog­ical needs first, then their safety needs, and so on up the "needs ladder". In general, they are motivated by the needs at the lowest (most important) level that remain unsatisfied. However, needs at one level do not have to be completely satisfied before needs at the next-higher level come into play. If the majority of a person's physiological and safety needs are satisfied, that person will be motivated primarily by social needs. As needs at one level are satisfied, people try to satisfy needs at the next level.

III. Find the English equivalents:

разрабатывать теорию, иерархия потребностей, предполагать, расположить в соответствии с их важностью, в последовательности, физиологические нужды, выживать, адекватная заработная плата, потребность в безопасности, безопасные условия труда, потребность в любви, например, за пределами работы, уважение и признание, самоуважение, продвижение на более ответственную работу, почести и награды, меняются в зависимости от человека, приобрести новый навык, самореализация, лестница потребностей, полностью удовлетворять, следующий более высокий уровень, в большинстве.

IV. Complete the sentences.

1. Maslow assumed that people …

1. At the most basic level are …

1. Safety needs may be satisfied …

1. Social needs are the human requirements for …

1. But social relationships beyond the workplace …

1. At the level of esteem needs, we …

1. At the uppermost level are …

1. For some people, learning a new skill …

1. In general, they are motivated …

1. If the majority of a person’s …

V. Agree or disagree to the following.

1. Abraham Maslow is an inventor.

2. Maslow is a Russian psychologist.

3. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs consists of 4 levels.

4. At the most basic level are esteem needs.

5. Physiological needs include food and water, clothing, shelter, and sleep.

6. Safety needs are satisfied through job security, health insurance, pension plans and safe working conditions.

7. People require respect and recognition, so called social needs.

8. The most difficult needs to satisfy are esteem needs.

9. People work to satisfy their physiological needs first.

10. As needs at one level are satisfied, people try to satisfy needs at the next level.

VI. Match the adjectives in the left-hand column with the nouns in the right-hand column.

1. american	1. context
2. employment		2. requirement
3. health		3. organization
4. human		4. conditions
5. informal		5. insurance
6. working		6. psychologist
7. various		7. needs
8. difficult		8. honours

VII. Substitute the underlined words with synonyms given in brackets.

1. These needs include food and water, clothing, shelter and sleep.

1. To an extent, these needs can be satisfied through the work environment and the informal organization.

1. In general, they are motivated by the needs at the lowest level that remain unsatisfied.

1. Maslow assumed that people seek to satisfy a variety of need.

(all in all, firm, a great many, for example, clothes, are left)

VIII. Find the right word order.

1. needs, physiological, are, the, at, basic, level, most.

1. recognition, respect, and, people, require.

1. to satisfy, the, difficult, most, self-realization, are, needs.

IX. Answer the questions.

1. Who is the author of a hierarchy needs theory?

1. How many levels are there in this pyramid?

1. What is the most basic level?

1. What do physiological needs include?

1. How can they be satisfied in the employment context?

1. What do safety needs include?

1. How can a person satisfy his social needs?

1. How can we call the human requirements for respect and recognition?

1. What needs occupy the uppermost level?

1. What needs are the most difficult to satisfy?

1. What needs do people satisfy first?

1. If needs at one level are satisfied, what do people try to do next?

X. Write a composition on the topic “What levels in the hierarchy of needs prevail in a certain period of life”.

Lesson XVII

I. Read and translate the following international words without using a dictionary:

ethycs, moral, principle, morality, individual, standard, situation, public, type, regularly, ethical, person, personal, organization, problem, confidential, information, secret, meeting, pressuring, conflict, interest, to result, communication, to present, illegal, sponsor, product.

II. Remember the following words:

public concern – зд. общественная значимость

to stem – возникать, происходить

to refrain from – воздерживаться от

to mispresent – представлять в ложном свете

to intimidate – запугивать

coworker – сотрудник, коллега

mutual – зд. общий, совместный

to make way – проникать

to infuriate – приводить в ярость