8. Read the short abstracts of match reports and find out the collocations explaining their meaning. Match Reports

The team took the field to the applause of 5,000 spectators. Despite putting up a determined performance, the England team seemed unable to break through the formidable Australian defense. After some impressive tackles, Australia was awarded a penalty just before half time. The penalty was missed, much to the delight of ……..

Yesterday’s match was full of excitement with three players being given yellow cards and some controversial free kicks. The game was lost when the Blues scored an own goal in the last two minutes. The crowd went wild. …….

9. Read the following texts, for questions 1-4 answer with a word or short phrase.

Dreaming is а very complex function that people have been trying to make sense of for а long time. People as far back as the ancient Greeks believed that dreams were messages from the heavens, in some cases intended to help us with difficult decisions and in others to warn us about possible dangers.

But in more recent years, dreaming was not seen as а subject worth analysing. The feeling was that dreams were ephemeral incidents, not something to base solid science on. More recently, however, research has linked the creation of dreams to something more tangible - chemical reactions in the brain. It has even been noted that certain chemical reactions are responsible for certain types of dreams, but scientists have а long way to go before being able to construct а complete chemical mар of brain activity during dreams. Be that as it may, dreams are not dismissed as meaningless anymore; rather, if we manage to discover the cause of these chemical reactions, they may prove extremely valuable in our effort to reveal the secrets of the human brain.

1. Why have dreams been considered “not worth analysing”?

2. What does the writer mean by the term “a complete chemical map of brain activity during dreams”?

Freud's first great innovation in the field of understanding mental life was to give people suffering from neuroses the opportunity to talk freely while he listened. It was а very simple idea, but as а formal method it was quite new. This is still the basis of the psycho-analytical methods today. Using this technique, Freud began to recognise ordinary mental activities involving the use of representations or symbols of deep psychical events. Dreams, for example, could be understood as symbols for complex mental activities. These derive from current external events in the patient's life and reverberate with hidden wishes and deeper early experiences.

The physical aspects of the psycho-analytical setting have not changed much since Freud's day. The patient comes to daily sessions at pre-arranged times and lies on the couch while the analyst sits in а chair just behind the couch. The analyst does not make notes in the patient's presence as this would interfere with the analyst's capacity to give proper attention to what the patient is conveying. Notes are sometimes made after the sessions. It is the analyst's responsibility to provide а consulting room that is cosy, peaceful, and as free from interruption as possible. Every session lasts 50 minutes and the analyst starts and ends on time. The establishment of this secure setting, together with reliable and predictable adherence to it by the psychoanalyst, provides аcontaining structure within which the patient and analyst are able to explore and think about the patient's difficulties.

3. Why do analysts not take notes during a psychoanalysis session?

4. What should an analyst’s consulting room be like?

Listening