А) Ознаки формальних стильових характеристик академічного письма:

В англомовному академічному формальному стилі зазвичай не використовуються:

1. Скорочення:

The research won't be continued until appropriate funding is secured. => The research will not be continued until appropriate funding is secured.

2. Вигуки й сигнали нерішучості (типу ит, well, you know тощо):

Well, we shall now consider the influence of sex hormones on stress response. =>

We shall now consider the influence of sex hormones on stress response.

3. Експліцитна апеляція до читача:

You can see the data in Table 3. =>The data can be seen in Table 3.

4. Фразові дієслова (не завжди):

Researchers have found out that many mental illnesses are based on molecular defects. => Researchers have discovered that many mental illnesses are based on molecular defects.

5. Прямі питання (не завжди)

What can be done to improve the state of our economy? . => We now need to consider what can be done to improve the state of our economy.

6. Прислівники у початковій чи завершувальній позиції (серединна позиція переважає)

This work relies on previous research heavily. . => This work heavily relies on previous research.

7. Невідповідні негативні форми:

not... any . => no:

The investigation didn'? yield any new results. . =>The investigation yielded no new results.

not... much . =>little:

The government won't do much to support universities in the near future. => The government will do little to support universities in the near future.

not ... many => few:

The book doesn't raise many important issues. => The book raises few important issues.

8. Редуковані форми слів чи сленг:

This booklet describes the requirements and content of the university graduation exam => This booklet describes the requirements and content of the university graduation examinations.

9. Цифри на початку речень:

97 people visited the museum last week. => Ninety-seven people visited the museum last week.

10. Політично некоректна мова або дискримінація на основі гендерних особливостей:

Blacks. Negroes => Afro-Americans

foreign students => international students

All the doctors and their wives were invited to the event. => All the doctors and their spouses were invited to the event.

Завдання 4. Надайте кожному реченню формальних стильових характеристик академічного письма:

1. The investigation of the origin of the Universe will go on.

2. If you fail the exam, you can't enter the university.

3. This approach does hot promise much funding in the future.

4. Our new research assistant is a nice guy.

5. 7 out of 25 students had difficulty with the task.

6. Each statement in a high-level programming language is translated into many machine-code instructions generally.

7. Each student will be given a diary for his use.

I	suggest(ed) (make/made a suggestion) propose(d) пропонувати insist(ed)/urge(d) наполягати order(ed) наказувати recommend(ed) рекомендувати demand (ed) require (d) (it is/was a requirement) вимагати	that you	do know	it
			be here (American English)
			should do should know should be here (British English)		it

We insist (insisted) that the meeting be held tomorrow.

Ми наполягаємо (наполягали), аби засідання відбулося завтра.

NOTE.

Use THE INFINITIVE with the following words: job / task/duty, etc. Your job is to improve your language skills.