Особливості перекладу огляду відомого рівня техніки (Description of the Prior Art)

Зміст цього розділу викладається довільно. Розглядаючи попередні технічні рішення, автори нерідко посилаються на інші, споріднені (copending, concurrent, pending, related, cognate, companion) заявки.

Наприклад:

This application is а continuation in Part of the copending Serial No, 236, 395, filed October 27, 1938. Entitled «Suction Governor», now Patent No. 2, 287, 036, dated June 23, 1942. –

Ця заявка є частковим продовженням спорідненої заявки № 236 395, зареєстрованою 27 жовтня 1938 року під назвою «Регулятор всмоктування», за якою 23 червня 1942 року виданий патент № 2 287 036.

Деякі заявки є не «частковим продовженням», а просто «продовженням» спорідненої заявки (continuation of application Serial No ...).

Іноді вживається вираз „опис винаходу до основного патенту” (Main Specification, Parent Specification). Наприклад:

This invention relates to an improvement or/and modification of that described in Patent Specification No. 715, 503, herein called the Parent Specification. –

Цей винахід стосується удосконалення винаходу, викладеного в описі до патенту № 715 503, що йменується нижче описом до основного патенту.

Цей розділ викладається в узагальненій формі без посилань на назви підприємств і фірм, на типове позначення і т.д. Тут широко використовуються безособові конструкції з it (it is customary to..., it is common practice to..., it is old to..., it is orthodox practice to..., it has (long) been the practice to..., it is the general custom to..., it is usual to...) з інфінітивом. Українською мовою такі звороти передаються безособовими конструкціями з використанням слова „зазвичай”. Наприклад: In such systems it has been usual to employ...

– У таких системах зазвичай застосовують...

Нерідко Нерідко вживається зворот it is known to, який перекладається як „відомо”.

Наприклад:

Іt is known in the art to use naphthalene as engine fuel.

– Відоме застосування нафталіну як палива для двигунів.

Іменник art позначає галузь техніки, до якої відноситься даний винахід, і часто може опускатися без втрати змісту.

Іншими зворотами, що часто вживаються, є: it has already been suggested (уже пропонувалося), it has formerly been proposed (раніше пропонувалося), in earlier proposals (у попередніх пропозиціях) і т.п.

Відносно відомих технічних рішень вживають обставини часу heretofore, hitherto, previously, recently, of late, in the past, up to date, up to the present time і commonly, customarily, frequently, generally, normally. usually, ordinarily, now, today, at present і т.д. При перекладі українською мовою ці обставини можна опускати. Наприклад:

In the past rotary machines have used vanes... –

У відомих роторних машинах застосовуються лопатки...

Розглядаючи попередні технічні рішення, нерідко зазначають мету, для чого застосовуються такі звороти: for the purpose of, with а view to, for this purpose, to this effect, to this end, to these ends, to accomplish this purpose, to attain this object і т.п. Наприклад:

Fоr this purpose air cooling of the worm gear is frequently employed. –

З цією метою часто застосовують повітряне охолоджування черв'ячної шестерні.

Під час розгляду відомих технічних рішень найчастіше вживають слово known (відомий):

Known internal combustion engines have а low operating efficiency. –

Відомі двигуни внутрішнього згоряння мають низький коефіцієнт корисної дії.

Крім слова known, розповсюджено вживання слів available, contemporary, conventional, modern, ordinary; present; previous, usual, existing

уу у значенні “традиційний”, “існуючий”.

При оцінці попередніх технічних рішень поняття “незадовільний” може передаватися такими синонімами: disadvantageous, faulty, inadequate, objectionable, unsatisfactory, not satisfactory, not suitable та ін.

Наприклад:

Such methods are faulty for many reasons. –

Подібні способи є незадовільними з багатьох причин;

This arrangement has not, however, proved satisfactory in practice. –

Проте на практиці цей спосіб виявився незадовільним.

Для позначення недоліків попередніх технічних рішень найчастіше вживається словом disadvantage.

The great disadvantage of а single-shaft gas turbine for the direct drive of vehicles is its poor behavior at... –

Значним недоліком одновального газотурбінного двигуна безпосереднього приводу транспортних засобів є його незадовільне функціонування при...

Дещо рідше поняття “недолік” передається словом drawback, ще рідше – його синоніми defect, inadequacy, limitations, objection, shortcoming.

Проте під час вибору українського відповідника слід враховувати конкретний контекст. Наприклад,

the optical defects краще перекласти як

оптичні дефекти (а не недоліки).

Значення “недолік” можуть мати також іменники effect та feature у сполученні з означенням disadvantageous. Наприклад:

It is а further disadvantageous feature... –

Іншим недоліком є...

Згадане Згадане значенні може також передаватися (хоч і доволі рідко) словами complaint, default, deficiency, demerit, detriment, disability, failing, failure, fault, imperfection, nuisance, weakness.

У У процесі реалізації технічних рішень можуть виникати різні проблеми (problems) та ускладнення (difficulties):

One of the most critical problems confronting designers... –

Одна з найбільш серйозних проблем, що стоять перед конструкторами...;

A difficulty arises in that... –

Виникає ускладнення, яке полягає у тому, що...

У деяких випадках слово difficulty може перекладатися як “недолік”:

The difficulty with such constructions has been their inability to carry bending loads satisfactorily. –

Недоліком таких конструкцій є їх нездатність задовільно протистояти навантаженням.

Вправа 5. Порівняйте огляди відомого рівня техніки у патентних заявках, поданих далі. Знайдіть спільні та відмінні риси цих оглядів.

NAPKIN HOLDER

Description of the Related Art

People usually use an apron or a napkin for cleanliness or neatness. However, wearing an apron is a complicated matter because of tying up a neck strip and a waist strip. Additionally, whenever eating, wearing a napkin around the neck or putting a bib on a baby’s shoulder is troublesome matters, too. Accordingly, some napkin holders are developed for easy wearing and easy removal. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,842,228, issued Dec. 1, 1998, is for a napkin holder. The napkin holder includes a neck band wearable around a user’s neck and adhesive portions covered by release tabs. The napkin holder using adhesive materials may have the restriction of the weight of the napkin and uncleanness of the napkin. A heavy napkin is easy to be separated from the napkin holder, and a dirty napkin is not attached to the adhesive portion of the napkin holder. Also, the adhesive property of the napkin holder may get weaker and weaker through repeated use.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,852,849, issued Dec. 29, 1998, is for a bib holder. Generally, a bib is used to protect clothes when letting a baby eat food or doing dental treatment, and the bib holder may be used to temporarily hold the bib. The bib holder includes an elongated rod pulled over the shoulder and fasteners mounted on both end portions of the elongated rod. A zipper, a clip, a button or a snap are adapted as the fastener.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,414,903 issued May 16, 1995, is for a dental bib holder. The dental bib holder is used to hold a dental bib in order to screen clothes from by-product of the dental treatment. The dental bib holder includes a strap, a frangible portion connecting the strap and U-shaped clips for holding the dental bib. A user presses the U-shaped clip to separate the clip from a hook and inserts the dental bib between them, to fix the dental bib to the dental bib holder. But, it is difficult to remove the dental bib fixed by the U-shaped clip and the hook. In this case, the user should break the frangible portion to separate the dental bib holder from the user's neck; however the dental bib holder can not be reused after breaking the frangible portion.

MANAGEMENT OF TELEVISION ADVERTISING

Description of the Related Art

Cable television systems are now capable of providing many services in addition to analog broadcast video. In implementing enhanced programming, the home communication terminal ("HCT"), otherwise known as the settop box, has become an important computing device for accessing various video services. In addition to supporting traditional analog broadcast video finctionality, digital HCTs (or "DHCTs") now also support an increasing number of two-way digital services such as video-on-demand.

A DHCT is typically connected to a cable or satellite television network and includes hardware and software necessary to provide various services and functionality. Preferably, some of the software executed by a DHCT is downloaded and/or updated via the cable television network. Each DHCT also typically includes a processor, communication components and memory, and is connected to a television or other display device. While many conventional DHCTs are stand-alone devices that are externally connected to a television, a DHCT and/or its functionality may be integrated into a television or personal computer, as will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art.

A DHCT provides users with television programming and television advertising. Many DHCT users, however, often avoid viewing television advertisements. Television advertisements may be avoided in a number of ways including, for example, by switching television channels during an advertisement or by recording a television program and then using trick mode functionality to skip recorded advertisements. One reason for why a viewer may avoid viewing an advertisement is because the viewer may not be interested in the product or service being advertised. Advertisement avoidance results in lower advertisement exposure for advertisers and, therefore, in lower potential revenue for television service providers. Therefore, there is a need for systems and methods for increasing the viewing of television advertisements.

LANGUAGE PHONETIC SYSTEM AND METHOD THEREOF

Description of the Related Arts

The Chinese Language phonetics of the present invention is a phonetics that utilizes letters in the English alphabet as their phonetic symbols for pronunciation of the Chinese characters. The above mentioned Chinese Language is equivalent to the Guoyu (national language) in Taiwan, and the Putonghua (general language) in the Mainland China. At present, the Taiwanese utilizes the Guoyu Zhuyin symbols and the Mainland Chinese utilizes the Chinese Pinyin as phonetic symbols for learning the Chinese language. People in other countries tend to utilize the Chinese Pinyin, which symbols use the letters in English alphabet, for much easier learning.

However, rules of Chinese Pinyin are difficult to understand, since Chinese Pinyin has two characteristics, the first being pronunciations of Chinese Pinyin symbols are linked to that of Latin and the second being Chinese Pinyin utilizes phonetic spelling logics of Guoyu Zhuyin symbols, such that people with an English background but have no knowledge of Guoyu Zhuyin symbols find it difficult to adapt. An example is that the Chinese character, translated as clothes, is represented by "i" in Chinese Pinyin. However, people with an English background are accustomed to pronouncing a single "i" as the Chinese character, which is translated as dust. The reason is that there are certain rules as to how vowels in English vocabularies are pronounced. As a result, the linkage between Chinese Pinyin and Latin pronunciations creates the situation of learners having an English background cannot get used to the Chinese Pinyin.

To improve the above situations, the Chinese Phonetic symbols has to be linked with the English language, such as the Chinese character, which is translated as ladder, should be pronounced as tee to replace the pronunciation of ti in Chinese Pinyin, which is more suitable for learners with an English background. As a result, with the above settings of the Chinese Language phonetics, which is a linkage with English, the entire population of Chinese learners with English background can accept easier when learning the Chinese Language. The above reasons are the reasons for the present invention of Chinese Language Phonetics.

FOLDING SERVING TRAY

Description of the Related Arts

Paper plates are well known. Variations include serving trays that are folded from a flat sheet into a substantially three-dimensional structure. These are often used in the food service industry to contain food that is to be consumed. They are typically discarded after a single use. For example, these prior devices often form a simple tray with vertical sides and open top when folded open. They are used for a variety of purposes, some of which include holding french fries, hamburgers, hot dogs, and other typical fast food items but not a drink cup or can. They are used in ball parks and by various food vendors.

While useful, there are needs that all known prior types of devices fail to satisfy. For example, the prior known folding serving trays either cannot or have great difficulty simultaneously holding a beverage. This is because a beverage is heavy and the thin cardboard (i.e., fiberboard) used for such construction fails to support the beverage which can tilt and spill as the support fails. A hot beverage that is spilled on a person can cause injury which is a liability risk. Also, prior types tend to support conical shaped coffee cups but not also cylindrical containers, for example, soda cans. Another need is to provide a way to hold the serving tray at a balance point, proximate a center of gravity when it is loaded.

This need extends to both right and left-handed users. There is also a need to be able to store eating utensils, for example a plastic fork or spoon, most typically being used simultaneously while the food is contained in the tray. There is also a need to store a napkin.

An especially important need is for the container to retain its "folded-open" position. The sides of previous trays tend to be easily displaced, especially so when the weight of contents in the tray bears upon the sides of the tray. This can cause food items placed therein to spill out of the tray. Food spilled on a person can ruin clothes which is another liability risk. There is a need to ensure that a folding serving tray, once folded into the open position adapted for use, stays in that position. Accordingly, there exists today a need for a folding serving tray that helps ameliorate the above-mentioned difficulties.

Clearly, such an apparatus would be a useful and desirable device.

Вправа 6. Перекладіть письмово описи галузей, до яких відносяться патентні заявки, подані у вправі 5. Разом з викладачем проаналізуйте варіанти перекладів студентів групи.