- •Diplomatic handbook Seventh Edition
- •Longman London and New York
- •Contents
- •Chapter I
- •Introduction
- •International organisations: accreditation
- •In the absence of a full diplomatic
- •Orders of precedence
- •Precedence between heads of diplomatic
- •Individual precedence within a mission
- •Individual precedence inter se of
- •Precedence of heads of mission within the
- •Immunities
- •Inviolability and immunity of premises
- •Inviolability of records, documents,
- •Immunity from criminal jurisdiction
- •Immunity from civil and administrative
- •Inviolability of correspondence
- •Inviolability of property
- •Relating to the consular post
- •Facilities, personal privileges and immunities
- •The united nations purposes and principles
- •Purposes
- •Principles
- •The general assembly
- •The security council
- •The economic and social council
- •The trusteeship council
- •The international court of justice
- •The secretary-general and the secretariat
- •Intergovernmental agencies related
- •Food and agriculture organisation
- •International atomic energy agency
- •International civil aviation organisation
- •International fund for agricultural development
- •International labour organisation
- •International maritime organisation
- •International telecommunications union
- •The international monetary fund
- •The world bank
- •United nations development programme
- •Universal postal union
- •World health organisation
- •World intellectual property organisation
- •World meteorological organisation
- •Subsidiary organisations
- •International law commission
- •International research and training
- •Institute for the advancement of women
- •Other consultative bodies
- •United nations children’s emergency fund
- •United nations environment programme
- •United nations fund for population activities
- •United nations high commission for refugees
- •International
- •Arab league/the league of arab states
- •Asia-pacific economic cooperation
- •Bank for international settlements
- •Black sea economic cooperation
- •Caribbean regional organisations the association of caribbean states
- •Central american common market
- •Central european initiative
- •Common market for eastern and southern africa
- •The commonwealth
- •Council of europe
- •Economic cooperation organisation
- •European free trade association/ european economic area
- •Indian ocean association for regional cooperation
- •Islamic conference organisation
- •Maghreb arab union
- •North american free trade agreement
- •North atlantic treaty organisation
- •Organisation of african unity
- •Organisation of american states
- •South pacific regional organisations
- •Visegrád group
- •Western european union
- •World trade organisation
- •Chapter 9
- •International law and
- •Definition and general principles
- •Treaties and treaty-making general principles
- •Types of treaties
- •The process of treaty-making
- •The form and content of treaties
- •The validity of treaties
- •The termination of treaties
- •Diplomatic asylum
- •Voting quorums and majority requirements
- •All male/female seating plan: host/hostess and seven guests
- •Invitations
- •Introducing people
- •Visiting cards
- •International
- •Islamic festivals
- •1. The ozone layer
- •2. Global warming and the
- •3. Biodiversity
- •4. The preservation of forests
International civil aviation organisation
Established in 1944 in Chicago, ICAO was formed to assure the safe, orderly and economic development of world civil air transportation. ICAO has developed a worldwide system of standards, practices and rules common to all nations. The Organisation serves the world today as a medium through which over 180 nations cooperate to ensure safety for the air-travelling public and for agreement in the technical, economic and legal fields of civil aviation.
The legislative body of ICAO is the Assembly which is composed of representatives of all member states and meets at least once in three years to review in detail the work of the Organisation performed during the last triennium and to decide on future policies.
The Council, which is the executive body of ICAO, comprises thirty-three members elected by the Assembly; they must be representative of the major civil aviation interests and facilities, as well as providing representation on a worldwide basis. The Council is responsible to the Assembly and meets in virtually continuous session. One of the major duties of the Council is to adopt international standards and recommended practices and to incorporate these as Annexes to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. It directs the work of the Organisation, establishes and supervises subsidiary technical committees, can act as arbiter between member states on matters concerning the interpretation and application of the Chicago Convention, provides technical assistance to developing nations, elects the President, appoints the Secretary-General, administers the finances of the Organisation and considers any matter relating to the Convention which any contracting state refers to it.
The Council is assisted by the Air Navigation Commission (in technical matters), the Air Transport Committee (in economic matters), the Committee on Joint Support of Air Navigation Services, the Finance Committee and the Legal Committee.
The headquarters of ICAO are in Montreal and there are regional offices in Bangkok, Cairo, Dakar, Lima, Mexico City, Nairobi and Paris.
International fund for agricultural development
The agreement establishing the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) was adopted on 13 June 1976 at a United Nations conference. It was opened for signature on 20 December 1976, following the attainment of initial pledges of US$ l billion, and entered into force on 30 November 1977. The main purpose of IFAD is to mobilise additional resources to help developing countries improve their food production and nutrition, fisheries, processing and storage - and concentrates on rural areas. Its primary goal is to help efforts to end chronic hunger and malnutrition. It lends money for projects which will have a significant impact on improving food production in developing countries, particularly for the benefit of the poorest sections of the rural populations. It seeks to bring small farmers and the landless into the development process: thus, the fund is concerned not only with production objectives but with the impact each project may have on employment, nutrition and income distribution. Loan operations of IFAD fall into two groups: projects initiated by the Fund and projects 'co-financed' with other financial and development institutions, such as the World Bank and IDA and the various development banks (African, Asian, Inter- American, Islamic). IFAD loans represent only a part of total project costs; the governments concerned contribute a share.
The Fund’s operations are directed by the Governing Council, on which all member states are represented, each of the three categories of members (developed countries, oil-exporting developing countries and other developing countries) having the same number of votes. Thus, the donor countries hold two-thirds of the total number of votes and the developing countries, at the same time, hold two-thirds of the votes. Current operations are overseen by the Executive Board, composed of eighteen Executive Directors, six from each of the three constituent categories, and eighteen alternates, and chaired by the President of the Fund. The headquarters of the fund are in Rome.