I haven’t finished yet.

Я ще не закінчила.

To render the meaning of completion expressed by the Perfect verb, a translator has to use the technique of compensation and extension (that is, addition) by introducing adverbs implying completion: вже, ще, etc. Therefore, there is no need, when translating from Ukrainian into English the sentence Я вже прочитав цю книжку, to use the adverb already. I have read the book is enough to express the completed action.

There is also asymmetry in expressing tense distinctions in English and Ukrainian. Ukrainian future tenses correspond to English present tense forms in adverbial clauses:

Якщо він прийде, я дам вам знати.

If he comes, I’ll let you know.

Here also takes place a replacement.

Now let us move to the translations of grammatical constructions. It is impossible to warn a beginner against all possible difficulties. However, it seems reasonable to point out some English constructions that are most likely to cause trouble.

Most frequent among them are the so-called absolute constructions. There are two main difficulties in dealing with them: first of all they are not always easy to recognize. It is something that happens in connection with the main action, but still "outside" it. Unlike subordinate clauses, absolute constructions are characterized by rather vague semantic connection with the main body of the sentence. It is often hard to say if the construction indicates time or cause of the main action - it may indicate them indiscriminately. They usually single out four structural types of absolute constructions: 1) nominative participial constructions; 2) nominative constructions without a participle; 3) participial constructions without the subject; 4) absolute constructions with the preposition "with". Knowing these structural types, it is easier to identify such a construction and differentiate it from expanded secondary parts of the sentence. There are some possibilities in translating absolute constructions, though they do not directly correspond to the four types of constructions themselves.

• If the type of semantic connection between the absolute construction and the main body of the sentence is more or less definite, a subordinate clause may be used in translation:

“... those things having been invariably found on Mr. Twain's person ... they felt compelled to give him a friendly admonition.” (Mark Twain)

"... і оскільки ці речі згодом незмінно виявлялися у містера Твена, ... вони вважали своїм обов'язком дати йому дружні настанови."

In such case we use addition.

• Being very close functionally to English absolute constructions, Ukrainian adverbial-participial constructions are more limited in usage, since the action indicated by them should always be performed by the subject of the sentence, which is not necessarily the case with English absolute constructions. If neither a subordinate clause nor an adverbial-participial construction can be chosen for translation, an absolute construction can be rendered by a separate sentence or an independent clause joint by co-ordination:

"Miss Arundell walked home, Bob trotting sedately at her heels…"

"Міс Аренделл пішла додому, і Боб спокійно побіг за нею." (A.Christie)

Here can be used an integration of the sentence or internal partition.

• Finally, an absolute construction can be translated with the help of a Ukrainian prepositional phrase with the preposition "з":

"Coffee-cup in hand, Mr Scogan was standing in front of the ... bookshelf" (A.Huxley) –

"Містер Скоуген з чашкою в руках стояв перед ... книжною полицею."