1. Прочтите текст.

The term “manager” is used to mean anyone who is responsible for subordinates and other organizational resources. There are many different types of managers with diverse tasks and responsibilities. Managers can be classified in two ways: by their level in the organization – so- called first-line, middle and top managers – and by the range of organizational activities for which they are responsible – so-called functional and general managers.

Management levels

First-Line Managers. The lowest level in an organization at which individuals are responsible for the work of others is called first-line or first-level management. First-line managers direct operating employees only; they do not supervise other managers. Examples of first-line managers are the “foreman” or production supervisor in a manufacturing plant, the technical supervisor in a research department, and the clerical supervisor in a large office. Note that first-level managers are often called supervisors.

Middle Managers. The term middle management can refer to more than one level in an organization. Middle managers direct the activities of other managers and sometimes also those of operating employees. A principal responsibility of middle managers is to direct the activities that implement the policies of the organization. A plant manager in an electronics firm is an example of a middle manager.

Top Managers. Composed of a comparatively small group of executives, top management is responsible for the overall management of an organization. It establishes operating policies and guides the organization’s interactions with its environment. Typical titles of top managers are “chief executive officer”, “president” and “senior vice-president”. Actual titles are not always reliable in showing the highest management position of the manager in his\her organization.

2. Дайте письменные ответы на вопросы к тексту:

1) What does the term “manager” mean?

2) How many levels of management are named in the text?

3) What do first-line managers do?

3. Переведите предложения из текста, содержащие неличные формы глагола. Определите форму и функцию причастия, герундия или инфинитива в данных предложениях.

1) First-line managers direct operating employees only; they do not supervise other managers.

2) First-level managers are often called supervisors.

3) A principal responsibility of middle-managers is to direct the activities of that implement the policies of the organization.

4) Actual titles are not always reliable in showing the highest management position of the manager in his\her organization.

4. Образуйте все формы причастия от глагола to operate.

5. Образуйте все формы герундия от глагола to guide.

6. Образуйте все формы инфинитива от глагола to direct.

7. Сделайте полный письменный перевод последнего абзаца текста.

Вариант 2

1. Прочтите текст.

The term “manager” is used to mean anyone who is responsible for subordinates and other organizational resources. There are many different types of managers with diverse tasks and responsibilities. Classifying managers can be done in two ways: by their level in the organization – so- called first-line, middle and top managers – and by the range of organizational activities for which they are responsible – so-called functional and general managers.

Management levels

First-Line Managers. The lowest level in an organization at which individuals are responsible for the work of others is called first-line or first-level management. First-line managers direct operating employees only; they do not supervise other managers. Examples of first-line managers are the “foreman” or production supervisor in a manufacturing plant, the technical supervisor in a research department, and the clerical supervisor in a large office. Note that first-level managers are often called supervisors.

Middle Managers. The term middle management can refer to more than one level in an organization. Middle managers direct the activities of other managers and sometimes also those of operating employees. A principal responsibility of middle managers is to direct the activities that implement the policies of the organization. A plant manager in an electronics firm is an example of a middle manager.

Top Managers. Composed of a comparatively small group of executives, top management is responsible for the overall management of the organization. It establishes operating policies and guides the organization’s interactions with its environment. Typical titles of top managers are “chief executive officer”, “president” and “senior vice-president”. Actual titles are not always reliable in showing the highest management position of the manager in his\her organization.