1. Use either the Infinitive or Gerund of the verbs in brackets

1. Where did you get that money from? I don't remember (give) it to you. 2. Did you remember (post) that letter I gave you? 3. Passengers are forbidden (talk) to the driver. 4. There is a regulation which forbids (smoke) in hospitals. 5. I shall never forget (meet) you in Florence when you were with Alan.. 6. Don't forget (give) me a ring as soon as you get back. 7. I'm sorry; I didn't mean (interrupt) you. 8. Whenever John comes around, I like (cook) something special for him. 9. What do you like best about wintertime? - Well, if it has snowed during the night, I like (get up) early and (go) for a walk in the fresh snow. 10. Could you stop (talk) for a moment? I need (concentrate) on this letter.

2. Translate into English

Він забув, що телефонував мені, і зателефонував вдруге і в кінці розмови сказав: "Не забудь зайти до мене ввечері". 2. Моя дочка любить куховарити. Сьогодні вона хотіла б приготувати піццу з грибами. 3. Перестань докоряти мені. Ми ж зупинились, щоб поговорити. 4. Мені шкода, що я сказала вам про це. Шкода, що я змушена повідомити, що літак запізнюється на дві години.

3. Use either the Infinitive or Gerund of the verbs in brackets

1. You must remember (call) at the baker's on your way home because we need (buy) some bread and biscuits. 2 .I'm sure you won't regret (buy) the car, even though it needs (paint) and (oil). 3.I regret (say) that he's clean forgotten ever (promise) me a job. 4. I don't remember (take) my wallet out of my bag, but I must have done it when I stopped (buy) a paper. 5. As I told you he's rather deaf, so don't forget (try) (shout) if he doesn't answer the door at first. 6. If the machine happens (stop) (work), just telephone and arrange for the service engineer (call). 7. I couldn't help (think) that we shouldn't have agreed (lend) him our car. 8. He'll never forget (meet) Elizabeth for the first time. 9. Don't forget (meet) the children after school. 10. After college Andrew went on (study) law.

4. Translate into English

1. Мені шкода, що я сказала вам про це. Шкода, що я змушена повідомити, що літак запізнюється на дві години. 2. Вони продовжували танцювати всю ніч. Він продовжував вчитися, щоб стати юристом. 3. Якщо ви хочете покращити свою англійську, ви можете спробувати дивитись фільми. Я намагаюсь перестати пити каву. 4. Багато людей краще б залишились в місті в спекотні дні. А я б краще поїхала до моря.

The Participle

The Participle is a non-finite form of the verb which has a double nature: it is a verbal adjective (it has a verbal and adjectival character) or it is a verbal adverb (it has a verbal and adverbial character).

There are two participles in English – Participle I and Participle II, traditionally called the Present Participle and the Past Participle though they differ in voice rather than in tense. Participle I is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the stem of the verb and Participle II – by adding the suffix -ed to the stem of the regular verbs, while the irregular verbs have special forms of Participle II.

Cf. • asking – asked (той, що питає – запитаний )

• writing – written (той, що пише – написаний)

• The same in the auctioneer’s formula: Going! Going! Gone! Продається! Продається! Продане!

The adjectival and adverbial character of the participle is manifested in its

syntactic functions as an attribute and an adverbial modifier.

• Problems facing parents should be discussed. (attribute)

• When left to herself, she spent her time at her writing desk. (adverbial modifier of time).

The verbal characteristics of the participle are as follows:

1. Participle I of a transitive verb can take a direct object.

• Reading English books, he finds interesting expressions.

2. Participle I and Participle II can be modified by an adverb.

• Knowing English well, he had no difficulty in translating the article.

• Deeply moved, she stood up and left the room.

• Rising early, you’ll make your days longer.

3. Participle I has tense distinctions: Participle I of transitive verbs has also voice distinctions and it has four forms:

► Participle I

Transitive verbs
	Active	Passive
Indefinite	Writing	Being written
Perfect	Having written	Having been written
Intransitive verbs
	Active	Passive
Indefinite	Falling	-
Perfect	Having fallen	-

The tense distinctions of the participle

● The tense distinctions of participle I are not absolute (like those of the finite

verb) but relative; the form of the participle does not show whether the action it denotes refers to the present, past or future; it shows only whether the action expressed by the participle is simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb or prior to it.

1. Participle I Indefinite Active and Passive denotes an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb. The time-reference of the action expressed by Participle I depends on the tense-form of the finite verb (=the predicate). Its forms denote simultaneous actions in the present, past or future.

• Learning foreign languages, you know your native language better. (Present reference)

• Learning foreign languages, I began my day with repeating new words. (Past reference)

• Learning foreign languages, you will learn a lot about your native language. (Future reference)

2. Participle I Perfect Active and Passive denotes an action prior to the action expressed by the finite verb. Its forms denote priority to a present, past or future action.

• Having learnt the elements of English, our students start learning French.

• Having learnt the elements of English, we started learning French.

• Having learnt the elements of English, I’ll start learning French.

• Having lost the key, he couldn’t get into the house (Загубивши ключ, він не зміг потрапити у дім).

• Having collected all the material, he will write a good report.

● Note: (a) A prior action is not always expressed by the Perfect Participle. Participle I Indefinite is used even when priority is meant with some verbs of sense perception and motion, such as: to see, to hear, to come, to enter, to arrive, to leave, to look, to turn, to seize, to grasp, to put, to put on, to take, to take off, to open, to close, to pass, to cross, etc.

• Hearing footsteps below, he rose and went to the top of the stairs.

• Arriving at the station, he found the train gone.

• Leaving the house, Andrew continued his round.

• Turning the corner, you’ll see the house you are looking for.

(b) Participle I Perfect of the same verbs is used when there is a lapse of time between the two actions, or when the action denoted by the participle is durative. Compare the following examples:

• Seeing Jane, I rushed to greet her.

• Having seen the girl only once, I didn’t recognize her.

• Not having seen her for a long time, I didn’t recognize her.

(c) Sometimes The Perfect Participle is used to emphasize priority. Compare these examples:

• Her husband, finding the right key, fits it into the lock of the bureau.

• Having found the place he sought, Bateman sent in his card to the manager.

(d) Participle I Indefinite may denote a posterior action, immediately following the first action, forming its part or being its result, as in:

• Lizzy left the room, banging the door shut. = Lizzy left the room and banged the door shut.

• John fell, hurting his knee. = John fell and hurt his knee.

(e) There may be a lapse of time between the first and the second (posterior) action. This is evident from the context.

• I then hired a car and went home, arriving just before twelve o’clock.

• We left at dawn, returning late.

(f) As seen from the above examples Participle I Indefinite denoting a prior action usually precedes the predicate verb. When it denotes a posterior action, it stands always after the predicate verb. In both cases it corresponds to the Ukrainian perfective adverbial participle (дієприслівник) (повернувшись, почувши, знявши).

● Participle II has no tense distinctions: it has only one form which expresses both an action simultaneous with, or prior to the action expressed by the finite verb; the latter case is more frequent.

• written / fallen / left / done/ opened/ invited

• The books written by him are very popular now.

• When tired, take a walk in the park.

The voice distinctions of the participle

● Participle I of transitive verbs has special forms to denote the active and the passive voice.

• When writing letters he does not like to be disturbed.

• Being written in pencil the letter was difficult to make out.

• Having written some letters he went to post them.

• Having been written long ago, the manuscript was illegible.

● Participle II of transitive verbs has a passive meaning:

• a broken glass = a glass which was broken

• a caged bird = a bird who is caged

● Participle II of intransitive verbs has an active meaning; it is used only in compound tense-forms and has no independent function in the sentence:

• has fallen, had laughed, have swum

● Sometimes Participle II of intransitive verbs denotes passing into a new state and it serves to show that the person or thing denoted by the head-noun is the doer of the action expressed by the participle:

• a withered flower – квітка, що засохла.

a faded leaf - зів’ялий листок

• Note: there are not many participles formed from intransitive verbs.

● Participle II of phrasal verbs retains its composite structure:

• a boy brought up in a teacher’s family

● Participle II of prepositional transitive verbs is followed by the appropriate prepositions:

• a book often asked for; the article referred to; a man much spoken of

Participle I - Participle II (-ing or -ed)

The participle may lose its verbal character and becomes adjectivized. Some present participles (-ing forms) and past participles (-ed forms) of verbs can be used as adjectives. There are many adjectives ending in -ing and -ed.

For example: boring (нецікавий) and bored (стомлений)

• He is boring. Він нудний. I am bored. Мені нудно.

• Jane is bored because her job is boring.

● Participle I is used as an adjective when the noun it modifies performs or is responsible for an action.

● Participle II is used as an adjective when the noun it modifies is the receiver of

the action.

• She gave me a welcoming cup of tea. (welcoming - гостинний)

• The students’ tests results were pleasing. (pleasing - приємний)

Compare adjectives ending in -ing and -ed:

_ The -ing adjective tells you about the job. You can say:

• My job is boring.

_ The -ed adjective tells you how somebody feels about the job. You can say:

• I’m bored with my job.