11. What problems did he devote the last decade of his life to? 12. When did Pavlov begin to recognize that the enormous complexities introduced by language required new explanations? 13. What conditional reflexes comprized the «first signalling system? 14. What system has man evolved? 15. Was Pavlov able to develop this proposal himself or was it developed by other psychologists? 16. Why is Pavlov’s proposal of great significance?

5. Read and translate

THE STORY OF THE BOY WHO «COULD DO BETTER»

Episode 7

it all became clear. How he had suffered all these years! Then the guilt hit us. How could we, as his parents, have missed it? How could the schools have overlooked the severity of his problems? Would he ever regain all he had lost arid recover from die emotional damage? My mind was buzzing with unanswered questions as I realised what undiagnosed dyslexia had meant for our son. How could we help him?

Tim was indeed of urgent help. His school realised they could not meet even the minimum recommendations for the help he needed. It was right in the middle of the school year with a new term already underway and the odds were against our getting Tim enrolled elsewhere. But luck was on our side.

Text 8 psychology and education

Psychology is essentially the science of the mental processes. Education is concerned both with teaching and with what may be called «upbringing», the development of particular mental qualities. Psychology, therefore, lies at the basis of education. The chief role of psychology, in so far as education is concerned, is to discover the laws governing child development, in particular the learning process, and so to assist parents and teachers to develop the abilities and qualities of behaviour of children under their care. Current educational psychology concentrates chiefly on revealing the laws governing the mental processes as processes but not only on measuring and classifying discrete mental «abilities» by the method of using mental tests. Because this method of approach will exclude any attempt to explain how it is that a particular ability develops. It attempts only to explain the formation of the ability as resulting from the interaction of “heredity” and “environment”.

So the result is a vital need to consider the possible line of development of educational psychology. Its main task is to explain the inner processes that result in human change and development, to be of great assistance to the teacher or parent concerned with creative education. Thus psychology should act as a support to education, both as regards intellectual or cental, and general human development