digestive glands; his brilliant experiments on digestion brought him world­wide recognition. The third was his study, from 1902 until his death in 1936, of the functions of the higher nervous centres in the brain. His use of conditioning as a way to attack this problem remains his greatest scientific accomplishment. I. P. Pavlov took special pride in the fact that his methods of work were completely objective. In 1903 in one of his first public descriptions of his research he emphatically rejected afay of the subjective methods of psychology.

Pavlov’s interest in experimental neurosis increased as he grew older; he devoted the last decade of his life largely to psychiatric problems. When at last he began to think seriously about human behaviour Pavlov recognized that the enormous complexities introduced by language required new explanations. To his earlier distinction between inborn and conditional re­flexes, therefore, he added verbal symbols. The conditional reflexes that he had so long studied in animals comprised a “first signalling system”. Men, he said, have evSlved another, a “second signalling system” of verbal symbols. Although he was not able to develop this proposal himself, it has stimulated considerable speculation and research by subsequent genera­tions of Russian psychologists.

Exercises

I. Translate from English into Russian the following words and phrases and find in the text or make up your own sentences with the

phrases

experimental problems, psychiatric problems, to work on experimental problems, to concern one of the experimental problems, to attack the problem; a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Medicine, to present the work as the thesis for the degree of Doctor of Medicine, to receive the degree of Doctor of Medicine, experiments, brilliant experiments, the experiments on digestion; nervous centres, higher nervous centres, higher nervous centres in the brain, reflexes, inborn reflexes, conditional reflexes, the distinction between inborn and conditional reflexes, to study conditional reflexes in animals; complexities, enormous, complexities, the complexities introduced by language, to recognize enormous complexities introduced by language, methods of psychology, the subjective methods of psychology, the objective methods of psychology, to reject emphatically any of the subjective me­thods, Pavlov’s interest in experimental neurosis, scientific accomplishment, to remain his scientific accomplishment, worldwide recognition, to bring Pavlov world-wide recognition, his work on the digestive system, to comprise a first signalling system, to evolve a second signalling system, to develop a theory, to develop a proposal, to stimulate considerable spe­culation, subsequent generations of Russian psychologists,* intellectual inclinations, to follow one’s own intellectual inclinations, to encourage one’s interest in science, to attend a seminary, to be permitted to attend the seminary, to take special pride in.

2. Find in the text English equivalents to the following Russian

phrases

интеллектуальные наклонности, следовать своим интеллектуальные наклонностям, заниматься в семинарии, поклоняться личности Дарви­на, касаться проблемы функционировать, эксперименты по пищеваре­нию, проводить эксперименты по выработке условного рефлекса, вели­кое достижение науки, принести мировую известность, поощрять интерес к науке, решительно отвергать субъективные методы в психологии, гор­диться объективностью своего вывода, развить вторую сигнальную сис­тему, обучение в университете, работать над проблемой, деятельность нервов в области сердца, Деятельность основных пищеварительных же­лез, деятельность высших отделов центральной нервной системы, услов­ные рефлексы, безусловные рефлексы, использовать выработку условного рефлекса как способ решения проблема, диссертация на соискание уче­ной степени доктора медицинских наук, получить ученую степень док­тора, медицинских наук, печатные работы, с возрастов.

П1. Put in the missing prepositions

I. In the theological seminary Pavlov’s interest ... science was encouraged. 2. In 1870 he was able to continue his studies... the University of St. Petersburg. 3. Pavlov idolized Darwin’s teachings and personality... the end ofhis days. 4.... his career Pavlov worked... only three experimental problems. 5. He presented some ofhis work ... the function of the nerves of the heart as his thesis... the degree of Doctor of Medicine. 6. His brilliant experiments... digestion brought him worldwide recognition. 7.1. P. Pavlov took special pride ... the fact that his methods of work were completely objective. 8. Pavlov devoted the last decade of his life ... psychiatric problems. 9. He added verbal symbols ... his earlier distinction between inborn and conditional reflexes. 10. When at last Pavlov began to think seriously about human behaviour he recognized that enormous complexities were introduced ...language.

4. Find in the text and give «look up and say» answers to each of the following questions

1. When and where was 1. P. Pavlov born? 2. Was Vanya permitted or forbidden to attend the local theological seminary? 3. His interest in science was encouraged in the local theological seminary, wasn’t it? 4. At what University was he able to continue his studies in 1870? 5. What authors did his early reading include? 6. Did he work on three or more experimental problems during his entire career? 7. What work did he present as thesis for the degree of Doctor of Medicine? 8. How long did Pavlov study the functions of the higher nervous centres in the brain? 9. His use of conditioning as a way to attack this problem remains his greatest scientific accomplishment, doesn’t it? 10. What did Pavlov take special pride in?