хнческнх процессов, разделение психологии и философии, один из разделов есгесьвенных наук, современные достижения науки, функ­ционирование нервноП системы, разпизис теории, в области физио­логии, объяснение механизма элементарных мыслительных процес­сов, объективный подход, важный J гипотеза, ключ к будущим научным изысканиям, материальная основа мыслительных процес­сов, оказывать влияние на, хорошо знать что-либо, давать объясне­ние, вносить ясность, заложить фундамент, устранить ауру таинствен­ности, порождать мысль, связывать мысли межлу собой.

3. Put in the missing prepositions

I. David Hartley was the first to interpret man’s mental, processes ... a systematic materialistic way. 2. Observations on Manpavcd the way ... the study of psychology as a branch of natural science. 3. David Hartley’s book had a great influence ... philosophy, psychology and education. 4. Hartley was familiar ... contemporary advances in science. 5. Hartley knew well Newton’s works... mechanics and optics. 6. Hartley’s associationist theory was the first significant step ... removing the aura of mystery which surrounded the mental functions.

4. Find in the text and give «look up and say» answers to each of

the following questions

I. Who made the first attempt to interpret man’s mental processes in a systematic materialistic way? 2. Observations on Man by David Hartley paved the way for the study of psychology as a branch of natural science, didn’t it? 3 . What contemporary advances in science was Hartley familiar with? 4. What do we call Hartley’s theoiy? 5. What did this theory provide? 6. Did the theory attempt to lay bare the materia) causation of thought processes? 7. What did Hartley write about his theory? 8. Why was Hartley’s theory so important for the development of psychology as branch of natural science?

5. Read and translate

THE STORY OF THE BOY WHO «COULD DO BETTER»

Episode 4

Now aged 10, he would try to run away if crossed, abseiling down from his bedroom window on knotted sheets, once even staying out overnight and sleeping rough. He became violent and unmanageable at home, returning from school depressed and drained. Our family life began to disintegrate. We tried family therapy and child psychologists; we tried removing all additives from Tim’s diet, but to no avail. Our GP was sympathetic but had no suggestions. Nobody knew the extent of his uncont­rollable rages. We were to our own.

He began smashing up his room and our treasures in his torment. The final straw came when a basket of fruit given to me as a present was thrown

11

on to the floor and the bunch of grapes ground into the carpet before my eyes. This was how he tried to show us his’pain. His headmaster suggested that a fortnight’s boarding might make a man of him and help solve his problems and we agreed, reluctantly, to this. He sobbed down the phone each morning and night, begging us to lake him home. I don’t know who was more miserable, him or us, but we had agreed not to give in. The two weeks ended with no resolution. There were more black marks, more negative comments, and more bullying from boys who called him “thick”. He sank to the bottom of the class, and there he stayed.

TEXT 5

HARTLEY'S ASSOCIATION 1ST THEORY

Hartley’s theory is based on the supposition that a sense-impression derived from an external object sets up a vibration in the particles. First, it sets up a vibration in the external surface of the sense organ, then in the nerves connecting the sense organ to the brain and Finally with the brain itself. It results in a sensation, or idea. Two or more sensations, experienced simultaneously or successively, set up simultaneous or successive (i.e. associated) vibrations. The connections in the brain are such that, if in future one of these sensations’ is experienced, the vibrations so caused will arose others that previously occured in connection with sensation; these latter vibrations. Hartley held, are the materil cause of associated memory images or ideas.

The main outline of Hartley’s theory may not seem very revolutionary today. When it was first produced, however, and for a long time after, it opened quite new perspectives, and laid a scientific basis for the theory of human perfectibility. It did this because it led to the conclusion that an individual’s character was determined by his external circumstances. That, in practice, human nature could be changed by changing the environment.

Exercises

I. Translate from English into Russian the following words and phrases and find in the text or make up your own sentences with the phrases

a vibration, a vibration in the particles, a vibration in the external surface of the sense organ, a vibration in the nerves connecting the sense organ to the brain, to set up a vibration, to cause a vibration; a sensation, to cause (to have, to experience a sensation, to result in a sensation; human, human perfectibility, human nature, to change human nature, to change the environment, external circumstances, to be determined by external circumstances, in future, associated memoiy images, the main outline of Hartley’s theory, in practice, to be based on, to produce a theory, to open out new perspectives, to lay a scientific basis for the theory, to lead to the conclusion.