3). Genre and style requirements.
English-speaking journalists are known to conjoin several ideas in one sentence (which is especially typical of the lead sentence). When translated into Ukrainian, these sentences are usually partitioned:
e.g. Both engine crews leaped to safety yesterday from a collision between a parcels train and a freight train near Morris Cowley, Oxfordshire. – Вчора неподалік станції Моріс Коулі в графстві Оксфордшір сталося зіткнення поштового та товарного поїздів. Машиністи обох поїзних бригад остались неушкодженими, зістрибнув на ходу з поїзду.
Weather forecasts in English newspapers are usually expressed by long sentences. In Ukranian, the style and genre require short sentences, with the loss of expressiveness typical of an English forecast. For example,
Mist and coastal fog patches over Scotland will also thin to offer a bright start, but with more general clouds, and occasional rain will arrive from the west by late morning. – Туман на узбережжі Шотландії і мряка розвіються. Очікується сонячний день, часом хмарно. До полудня на заході можливі короткочасні дощі.
Integration is the opposite of partitioning, it implies combining two or (seldom) more source sentences into one target sentence. This technique is also used both for structural and semantic reasons.
1). Grammar structure differences between the source language and the target language
Sentence integration is necessary when the English sentence starts with the conjunctions or, nor, but, for, since the beginning of this type is alien to Ukrainian written speech: Man is the only animal that blushes. Or needs to. (Shaw) – Людина – єдина істота, яка червоніє або якій треба було б червоніти.
2). Semantics. Sentence integration can take place because of the close semantic bonds between the sentences. For instance, Це господарство займається вирощуванням овочів і зерна, має молочне стадо. Цією діяльністю господарство займається тривалий період часу.– This farm has been growing vegetables and grains and breeding dairy herd for a long period of time.
We did not want scenery. We wanted to have our supper and go to bed. – Ми не хотіли красивих краєвидів – ми хотіли повечеряти й лягти спати.
Ex.1. Translate the sentences using the suggested grammatical transformations:
Antonymic translation.
He had a mother whom he never disobeyed. 2. Nothing changed in my home town. 3. He never came home without bringing something for the kids.4. The woman at the other end asked him to hang on. 5. Nobody was ever sorry to see him. 6. She did not die till 2005. 7. Not until the office phoned me did I find out about the meeting. 8. No sooner had I got into the bath than someone knocked at the door.
Transposition.
A suburban train was derailed near London last night. 2. He was looking at my hat, while he was polishing my shoes.
Replacement.
1. We are searching for talent everywhere. 2. The left the room with their heads held high. 3. It is our hope that an agreement will be reached by Friday. 4. The stoppage which is in support of higher pay and shorter working hours, began on Monday. 5. The crash killed 20 people. 6. Bionics has many applications beyond this field of medicine.
Exercise 2. Translate into the following sentences using partitioning where possible.
“The atomic power plant in Scotland could prove to be a most expensive – and destructive – white elephant”, says Mr. Wilfrid Andrews, of the Royal Civil Servants Club, in the February issue of Reader’s Digest.
In a complex world, the companies that thrive will be those that can combine the traditional strength with something new.
It ought to be remembered that it was not the North but the South which undertook the war, the former acting only in defence.
It was a situation of delicacy to be tactfully approached – if at all.
Mrs. Makin woke early to find two burglars carrying her TV set form her home.
Exercise 3. Translate into the following sentences using integration where possible.
Demand for oil is 12 percent higher than it was a decade ago. Gas demand is 30 percent higher.
Yet, at the moment consumers and government seem to be in denial. They refuse to accept their own responsibility.
His natural aptitude for native languages induced him to study African tongues and dialects and it was not many years before he was appointed to the Chair of Asiatic and African Languages which he now occupies.
It was a busy night; the bar was busy, the crap table was busy, the ping-pong table was busy.
It is not possible to do the work in two days. Nor is it necessary.
Ex.4. Translate the following sentences from English into Ukrainian paying especial attention to substitution.
1. Last month I read a novel about the lives of Cornish miners.
2. My friend said he knew this person perfectly well.
3. It is our hope that we will pass English Grammar.
4. The workers demand higher wages.
5. Ukrainian acceptance of this proposal to the United Nations is without any doubt.
6. The teacher wanted him to speak English fluently.
7. In Kirovohrad, the fog stopped the traffic.
8. Unlike all his friends, he is an early-riser.
9. The performer could be clearly sensed on the dark stage by the audience.
10. Are we any poorer for this distancing from nature?
11. We entertain ourselves watching talented people sing, dance and tell us stories as actors.