- •3. Match the words or notions with their definitions.
- •2.Read and retell the text.
- •Initial Definitions
- •3. Put the sentences in the correct order according to the text.
- •4. Choose the correct answer.
- •3. Say whether the statements are true or false.
- •4.Choose the correct answer.
- •5. Answer the following questions.
- •6. Memorize the dialogues and perform them in pairs.
- •7. Now try to tell the gist of the text in 5-6 sentences. Use the questions from Ex. 5 to help you.
- •1. Memorize the following words and expressions:
- •2. Read the text, study it. Find in the text examples to illustrate difference between key notions: heat and work.
- •It is impossible to construct an engine that will work in a complete cycle and produce no other effect except the raising of a weight and the cooling of a reservoir.
- •3. You. Are to add to the diagram the necessary information.
- •4. Match the words with their definitions.
- •5. Make up sentences.
- •7. Answer the following questions.
- •8. Ask the given sentence as many questions as possible.
- •9. Translate the sentences into English.
- •1. Memorize the following words and expressions:
- •2. Read the text, study it Find in the text examples to illustrate difference between key notions: heat and work.
- •3. Complete the sentences.
- •Write down as many questions to the given sentences as possible.
- •Say if the statements are true or false;
- •Heat and work:
- •3. Try to explain the meaning of the given words using the information you’ve learnt from the text.
- •4. Solve the crossword puzzle.
- •5. Say whether the statements are true or false.
- •6. Fill in the blanks with the missing words.
- •Read the dialogues and dramatize them in pairs.
- •1. Memorize the following words and expressions:
- •2. Read and retell the text.
- •3. Answer the following questions.
- •4. Explain the difference between heating systems. Fill in the table.
- •5. Complete the following sentences using the english equivalents instead of the Ukrainian words and word-combinations.
- •1. Memorize the following words and expressions:
- •2. Read and retell the text.
- •3. Make up sentences with given words:
- •4.Complete the following sentences.
- •6. Supply questions to these sentences.
- •7. Find the Ukrainian equivalents of the given words.
- •8. Read and translate the dialogue.
- •2. Read the text. Find the difference between these two systems of ventilation.
- •Vacuum Ventilation.
- •3. Fill in the blank with the necessary words and word-combinations.
- •4. Try to retell the gist of the text in 5-7 sentences.
- •5. Explain the difference between artificial, vacuum and plenum ventilation.
- •6. Answer the questions:
- •2. Read (he text, study it. Pay attention to new words.
- •3. Answer the following questions:
- •5.Choose the correct answer:
- •6. Read and translate the dialogue..
- •1. Memorize the following words and expressions:
- •2. Read and translate the text and information in the table.
- •3 .Answer the questions:
- •4. Try to explain the meaning of the given heating methods using the information you’ve learnt from the text:
- •5. Fill in the blanks with the missing words:
- •Ventilation and water heating
- •1. Memorize the following words and expressions:
- •2. Read and translate the text.
- •Ventilation and water heating
- •7. Try to explain how building byelaws applied to ventilation.
- •1.Memorize the following words and expressions:
- •2. Read and translate the text.
- •7. Make up the plan according to the text.
- •1. Memorize the following words and expressions.
- •2. Read and translate the text.
- •3. Answer the questions :
- •4. Translate into English.
- •5. Ask 4 types of the questions to the sentence:
- •6. Fill in the gaps using the necessary words:
- •1. Read and memorize following words and expressions:
- •2. Read, translate and study the text:
- •2.Scan for the details and circle the correct letter.
- •3.Choosc the words from the box to complete sentences.
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •3. Ask 4 types of the questions to the sentences:
- •4.Choose the words from the box to complete sentences.
- •Complete the following sentences.
- •4. Make up 5 sentences using following words:
- •5. Make up the plan according to the text, not less than 10 items.
- •6. Fill in the table . Pay attention to the types of the boilers and explain the difference between them.
- •7. Answer the questions to the text:
- •1. Read the text and try to understand the main idea:
- •3. Complete the following sentences:
- •4.Fill in the blanks with the missing words:
- •5.Choose the correct answer:
- •1.Read and translate the text.
- •2. Make the translation of Steam Turbines classifications .
- •3. Answer the questions of the text:
- •4. Is it true or false?
- •6. Make un 5 sentences with following words:
- •7.Work in pairs. Complete the dialogue.
- •7. Fill in the table.
- •1.Read and translate the text.
- •2.Make the difference between the types of the turbines.
- •3.Ask questions to the sentences.
- •4.Complete the sentences.
- •5. Agree or disagree with the statements:
- •6.Answer the following questions:
- •7. Choose the words from the box to complete sentences.
- •Unit 26
- •2. Read and translate the abstract.
- •3. Find the Ukrainian equivalents of the word-combinations:
- •4.Use the words from Ex. 3 and make up sentences with them.
- •5. Translate into English.
- •1. Read and memorize the following expressions:
- •2. Read and translate the text:
- •3. Answer the questions:
- •4. Fill in the blanks with the missing words:
- •5. Agree or disagree with the statements:
- •4.Complete the sentences. Choose the correct word from the brackets:
- •3. Give the Ukrainian equivalents:
- •4. Answer the following questions:
- •5. Translate the sentences into English:
- •Indirect systems
Initial Definitions
Temperature is a number that is related to the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance. If temperature is measured in Kelvin degrees, then this number is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
Heat is a measurement of the total energy in a substance. That total energy is made up of not only of the kinetic energies of the molecules of the substance, but total energy is also made up of the potential energies of the molecules.
More About Temperature.
So, temperature is not energy. It is, though, a number that relates to one type of energy possessed by the molecules of a substance. Temperature directly relates to the kinetic energy of the molecules. The molecules have another type of energy besides kinetic, however; they have potential energy, also. Temperature readings do not tell you anything directly about this potential energy.
Temperature can be measured in a variety of units. If you measure it in degrees Kelvin, then the temperature value is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy of the Temperature molecules in the substance. Notice we did not say that temperature is the kinetic energy; We said it is a number, if in degrees Kelvin, is proportional to the 100-average kinetic energies of the molecules; that is, if you double the Kelvin temperature of a substance, you double the average kinetic energy of its molecules.
More About Heat. Heat is energy.
Heat is the total amount of energy possessed by the molecules in a piece of matter. This energy is both kinetic energy and potential energy. When heat, (i.e., energy), goes into a substance one of two things can happen:
1.The substance can experience a raise in temperature. That is, the heat can be used to speed up the molecules of the substance. Since Kelvin temperature is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy of molecules in a substance, and factor increase in temperature causes an equal factor increase in the average kinetic energy of the molecules. And if the kinetic energy of the molecules increases, the speed of the molecules will increase, although these increases are not directly proportional. The kinetic energy of a body is proportional to the square of the speed of the body.
2.The substance can change state. For example, if the substance is ice, it can melt into water. Perhaps surprisingly, this change does not cause a raise in temperature. The moment before melting the average kinetic energy of the ice molecules is the same as the average kinetic energy of the water molecules a moment after melting. Although heat is absorbed by this change of state, the absorbed energy is not used to speed up the molecules. The energy is used to change the bonding between the molecules. Changing the manner in which the molecules bond to one another constitutes a change in potential energy. Heat comes in and there is an increase in the potential energy of the molecules. Their kinetic energy remains unchanged. So, when heat comes into a substance, energy comes into a substance. That energy can be used to increase the kinetic energy of the molecules, which would cause an increase in temperature. Or that heat could be used to increase the potential energy of the molecules causing a change in state that is not accompanied-by an increase in temperature.