Занятие 4(продолжительность-2ч.)

Тема: Химия как наука. Органическая и неорганическая химия. Химические процессы в организме человека.

Цель: развитие навыков чтения и повседневного общения, формирование компетенций:

-ОК-1-способность к обобщению, анализу, восприятию информации, постановке цели и выбору путей ее достижения, владение культурой мышления;

-ОК-2-способность логически верно, аргументировано и ясно строить устную и письменную речь, создавать тексты профессионального назначения;

Задачи:

-Повторить временную форму Present Continuous Active;

-Тренировать навыки изучающего чтения для перевода специальных текстов по теме «Химия»;

-Освоение терминологии по теме «Химия»;

Этапы занятия: 1) Проверка домашнего задания 15 мин.

2) Речевая разминка Направлена на формирование компетенции–ОК1 15 мин.

а) Ответьте на вопросы:

• What does organic chemistry study?

3) Изучающее чтение «Organic chemistry» Направлено на формирование компетенции–ОК-1, ОК-2 45 мин.

4) Информативное чтение «These Dangerous Free Radicals»: Прочтите текст, ответьте на вопросы после текста. Направлено на формирование компетенций – ОК-1, ОК-2 25 мин.

Organic Compounds and Polymers

Organic chemistry is the study of the properties of the compounds of carbon that are organic. All carbon compounds except for a few inorganic carbon compounds are organic. Inorganic carbon compounds include the oxides of carbon, the bicarbonates and carbonates of metal ions, the metal cyanides, and a few others.

There are over six million organic compounds characterized, including the foods we eat, (made of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and vitamins), furs and feathers, hides and skins, and the organisms they came from. not to mention plastics, synthetic and natural fibers, dyes and drugs, insecticides and herbicides, ingredients in perfumes and flavoring agents, and petroleum products.

The name organic chemistry came from the word organism. Prior to 1828, all organic compounds had been obtained from organisms or their remains. The belief then was that the synthesis of organic compounds from inorganic compounds in the laboratory was impossible. All efforts had failed, and scientists became convinced that some "vital force" that living organisms had was necessary to make an organic compound. The synthesis of urea from inorganic substances in 1828 led to the disappearance of this vital force theory.

Important Families of Organic Compounds

Symbolism shown below that you may not understand will be explained later in this topic Hydrocarbons Only C and H present

Alkanes Only single bonds

Alkenes Double bond(s) between two carbons

Alkynes Triple bond(s) between two carbons

Aromatic

Alcohols

Ethers

Aldehydes

Ketones

Carboxylic Acids

Esters

Amines

Amides

R, R', and R'' represent hydrocarbon groups (alkyl groups)

The type of properties associated with a compound is different depending on the family it is in. For example, the alkanes have just C-C and C-H single bonds. Since C and H are so alike in electronegativity, they are least able to attract ions or polar molecules, and least able to interact with them. The significance of this will be explained later.

Organic Chemistry

Is All Around UsOrganic chemistry is that branch of chemistry that deals with the structure, properties, and reactions of compounds that contain carbon. It is a highly creative science. Chemists in general and organic chemists in particular can create new molecules never before proposed which, if carefully designed, may have important properties for the betterment of the human experience. In terms of Ph.D. population, organic chemistry is the largest chemistry discipline, in both total numbers, annual Ph.D. graduates, and in annual production.

Beyond our bodies' DNA, peptides, proteins, and enzymes, organic compounds are all around us. They are central to the economic growth of the U.S., in industries such as the rubber, plastics, fuel, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, detergent, coatings, dyestuffs, and agrichemicals industries. The very foundations of biochemistry, biotechnology, and medicine are built on organic compounds and their role in life processes. Most all of the modern, high tech materials are composed, at least in part, of organic compounds. Clearly, organic chemistry is critically important to our high standard of living.

Organic chemists at all degree levels are found in all those industries that depend on R&D, working on projects from fundamental discovery to highly applied product development. The foundation of the pharmaceutical industry is the large pool of highly skilled organic chemists. For example, nature may provide a molecule such as a complex antibiotic, an antitumor agent, or a replacement for a hormone such as insulin; organic chemists determine the structure of this newly discovered molecule and then modify it to enhance the desired activity and specificity of action, while decreasing undesired side effects. Indeed, organic chemists have produced a wonderful myriad of highly successful products to fight human diseases.

There is tremendous excitement and challenge in synthesizing a molecule never before made synthetically or found in nature. Tailoring the properties of that molecule via chemical synthesis to produce beneficial effects to meet the needs of the present and future human existence is both challenging and rewarding.

When asked to comment about his work, John Hyatt, senior research associate at Eastman Chemical Company said, "I think of new ways to solve old problems." Hyatt specializes in organic chemistry research and the development of naturally-occurring compounds. He looks for methods to synthesize organic compounds which will prove useful in medicine, nutrition, and materials science. Often these compounds already are known to be of significant commercial value; Hyatt's job is to develop new and improved synthetic routes and to find more efficient methods for the isolation and purification of naturally occurring substances of commercial value. Hyatt also designs and carries out synthesis of isotopically-tagged versions of reasonably complex target molecules. His work is just one example of the wide variety of exciting opportunities inherent in organic chemistry.